Carbofuran formulations

1. Chemical Composition and Properties:

• Active Ingredient:

1.?Carbofuran 03% CG: Contains 3% Carbofuran by weight.

2.?Carbosulfan 06% Granules: Contains 6% Carbosulfan by weight.

3.?Carbosulfan 25% DS: Contains 25% Carbosulfan by weight.

4.?Carbosulfan 25% EC: Contains 25% Carbosulfan by weight.

• Formulation Type:

1.?Carbofuran 03% CG: Carbofuran formulation in the form of coarse granules (CG).

2.?Carbosulfan 06% Granules: Granule-based formulation.

3.?Carbosulfan 25% DS: Dry suspension (DS) formulation.

4.?Carbosulfan 25% EC: Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation.

• Source: Carbofuran and Carbosulfan are both carbamate insecticides that function by inhibiting cholinesterase activity in pests, which affects their nervous system, leading to paralysis and death.
• Appearance:

1.?Carbofuran 03% CG: Coarse granules, typically white or light tan in color.

2.?Carbosulfan 06% Granules: Granules, usually light brown or tan in color.

3.?Carbosulfan 25% DS: Powder form that forms a suspension when mixed with water.

4.?Carbosulfan 25% EC: Clear to pale yellow liquid concentrate.

• Solubility: Carbofuran and Carbosulfan are both soluble in organic solvents but have limited solubility in water. Carbosulfan in the 25% EC formulation is emulsifiable in water for effective spray application.

2. Mode of Action:

• Mechanism: Both Carbofuran and Carbosulfan are cholinesterase inhibitors. They work by blocking the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in pests, which prevents nerve impulse transmission, leading to paralysis and death. Carbosulfan, in particular, has both systemic and contact activity.

3. Target Pests:

These chemicals are effective against a wide range of insect pests, including:

• Root-feeding pests like rootworms and grubs.
• Sucking pests such as aphids, leafhoppers, and whiteflies.
• Soil-dwelling pests including nematodes, ants, and termites.

4. Application on Crops:

• Crops Treated:

1. Carbofuran 03% CG: Commonly used in crops like corn, rice, sugarcane, and vegetables.

2. Carbosulfan 06% Granules: Used for crops like cotton, rice, maize, and vegetables.

3. Carbosulfan 25% DS: Applied to various crops such as rice, cotton, vegetables, and fruit crops like citrus and apples.

4. Carbosulfan 25% EC: Typically used in crops such as rice, sugarcane, cotton, and vegetables.

• Dosage:

1. Carbofuran 03% CG: Generally applied at a rate of 10 to 15 kg per hectare depending on pest pressure and crop type.

2. Carbosulfan 06% Granules: Applied at a rate of 10 to 20 kg per hectare, depending on the pest and crop.

3. Carbosulfan 25% DS: Applied at a rate of 200 to 300 g per hectare.

4. Carbosulfan 25% EC: Usually applied at a rate of 1 to 1.5 liters per hectare.

• Spray Timing: Best applied during early pest infestation or before planting for soil-dwelling pests. It should be applied early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid excessive evaporation or degradation due to heat and sunlight.

5. Features and Benefits:

• Selective Action: Carbofuran and Carbosulfan are selective for insect pests, with minimal toxicity to non-target organisms when applied as directed.
• Long Residual Activity: These formulations provide long-lasting control of pests, especially soil pests, reducing the need for frequent applications.
• Low Resistance Risk: Both chemicals have a relatively low risk of resistance development compared to some older insecticide formulations.
• Environmental Compatibility: Carbosulfan has low toxicity to birds and mammals, though care must be taken to avoid exposure to aquatic environments due to its toxicity to fish and other aquatic organisms.

6. Precautions During Use:

• Toxicity: Carbofuran and Carbosulfan are toxic to humans, pets, and wildlife if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Both chemicals are highly toxic to aquatic life and beneficial insects.
• Protective Measures: Always wear gloves, goggles, and protective clothing when handling or applying these chemicals. Avoid inhalation of dust, spray mist, or granule particles. Ensure that these chemicals do not come into contact with skin or eyes.
• Environmental Safety: Avoid application near water bodies to prevent contamination of aquatic ecosystems. Use proper baiting techniques or apply granules in areas away from non-target habitats.

7. Waiting Period (Pre-harvest Interval):

• Depends on the crop and regional regulations: For rice, cotton, and vegetables, the waiting period generally ranges from 14 to 28 days, depending on local regulations and the specific crop.

8. Storage and Handling:

• Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and moisture. Keep containers tightly sealed when not in use to prevent leakage or contamination.
• Handling: Handle with care to avoid spills or contamination. If a spill occurs, clean immediately using appropriate procedures. Follow product-specific guidelines for safe handling.

9. Toxicology and First Aid:

• Symptoms of Exposure:

1. Skin Contact: Irritation, redness, or rashes.

2. Eye Contact: Irritation, watering.

3. Inhalation: Headache, dizziness, respiratory irritation.

4. Ingestion: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, excessive salivation.

• First Aid:

1. Skin Contact: Wash the affected area immediately with soap and water.

2. Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with water for at least 15 minutes.

3. Inhalation: Move the person to fresh air and provide symptomatic relief.

4. Ingestion: Seek immediate medical attention. Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by a healthcare provider.

• Antidote: There is no specific antidote for Carbofuran and Carbosulfan poisoning. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive, including the administration of activated charcoal in some cases.

10. Market Information:

Carbofuran and Carbosulfan formulations are widely available in agricultural markets for use in pest management. They are generally affordable and commonly used for large-scale pest control, especially in rice and cotton farming.

11. Resistance Management:

• Rotate with Other Insecticides: ? To minimize the risk of resistance, rotate these chemicals with other insecticides that have different modes of action.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Incorporate Carbofuran and Carbosulfan into an IPM strategy, using biological controls, cultural practices, and physical methods to reduce reliance on chemical controls.
• Monitor Pest Populations: Regular monitoring of pest levels will help apply Carbofuran or Carbosulfan at the most effective time and reduce the likelihood of resistance.