C++20: Time of Day

This new data type std::chrono::hh_mm_ss in C++20 stands for the time of day.

Time of Day

std::chrono::hh_mm_ss is the duration since midnight split into hours, minutes, seconds, and fractional seconds. This type is typically used as a formatting tool. First, the following table gives you a concise overview of std::chrono::hh_mm_ss instance tOfDay.

Depending on the used time duration, the static member provides the appropriate tOfDay.fractional_width. If no such value of fractional_width in the range [0, 18] exists, then fractional_width is 6. See for example, std::chrono::duration<int, std::ratio<1, 3>> in the following table.

The use of the chrono type std::chrono::hh_mm_ss is straightforward.

// timeOfDay.cpp

#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>

int main() {
                                                            
     using namespace std::chrono_literals; 

     std::cout << std::boolalpha << '\n';
    
     auto timeOfDay = 
       std::chrono::hh_mm_ss(10.5h + 98min + 2020s + 0.5s);         // (1)
    
     std::cout<< "timeOfDay: " << timeOfDay << '\n';                // (2)

     std::cout << '\n';

     std::cout << "timeOfDay.hours(): " 
               << timeOfDay.hours() << '\n';        // (4)
     std::cout << "timeOfDay.minutes(): " 
               << timeOfDay.minutes() << '\n';      // (4)
     std::cout << "timeOfDay.seconds(): " 
               << timeOfDay.seconds() << '\n';      // (4)
     std::cout << "timeOfDay.subseconds(): " 
               << timeOfDay.subseconds() << '\n';   // (4)
     std::cout << "timeOfDay.to_duration(): " 
               << timeOfDay.to_duration() << '\n';  // (5)

     std::cout << '\n';

     std::cout << "std::chrono::hh_mm_ss(45700.5s): " 
               << std::chrono::hh_mm_ss(45700.5s) << '\n';        // (6)

     std::cout << '\n';

     std::cout << "std::chrono::is_am(5h): " 
               << std::chrono::is_am(5h) << '\n';    // (7)    
     std::cout << "std::chrono::is_am(15h): " 
               << std::chrono::is_am(15h) << '\n';   // (7)

     std::cout << '\n';
     
     std::cout << "std::chrono::make12(5h): " 
               << std::chrono::make12(5h) << '\n';   // (7)   
     std::cout << "std::chrono::make12(15h): " 
               << std::chrono::make12(15h) << '\n';  // (7) 

}
        

In line (1), I create a new instance of std::chrono::hh_mm_ss: timeOfDay. Thanks to the chrono literals from C++14, I can add a few time durations to initialize a time-of-day object. With C++20, you can directly output timeOfDay (line 2). The rest should be straightforward to read. Lines (4) display the components of the time since midnight in hours, minutes, seconds, and fractional seconds. Line (5) returns the time duration since midnight in seconds. Line (6) is more interesting: the given seconds correspond to the time displayed in line (2). Line (7) returns if the given hour is a.m. Line (8) finally returns the 12-hour equivalent of the given hour.

Here is the output of the program:

Calendar Date

A new type of the chrono extension in C++20 is a calendar date. C++20 supports various ways to create a calendar date and interact with them. First of all: What is a calendar date?

• ?A calendar date consists of a year, a month, and a day. Consequently, C++20 has a specific data type std::chrono::year_month_day. C++20 has way more to offer. The following table should give you an overview of calendar types before I show you various use cases.

Thanks to the cute syntax, you can use ?std::chrono::operator / to create Gregorian calendar dates.

The calendar data types support various operations. The following table gives an overview. For readability reasons, I partially ignore the namespace std::chrono.

The increment and decrement operations ++/-- are supported in the prefix and postfix version. Adding or subtraction +/- requires objects of type std::chrono::duration. That means when you build the difference of two objects of calendar type std::chrono::day you get an object of type std::chrono::days. <=> is the new three-way comparison operator.

The following program uses the operations on the calendar types.

// calendarOperations.cpp

#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>

int main() {

  std::cout << '\n';

  using std::chrono::Monday;
  using std::chrono::Saturday;

  using std::chrono::March;
  using std::chrono::June;
  using std::chrono::July;

  using std::chrono::days;
  using std::chrono::months;
  using std::chrono::years;

  using std::chrono::last;

  using namespace std::chrono_literals;

  std::cout << std::boolalpha;

  std::cout << "March: " << March << '\n';                                            
  std::cout << "March + months(3): " << March + months(3) << '\n';  // (1)
  std::cout << "March - months(25): " << March - months(25) << '\n'; //(5)  
  std::cout << "July - June: " <<  July - June << '\n';             // (6)
  std::cout << "June < July: " << (June < July) << '\n';            // (7)

  std::cout << '\n';
 
  std::cout << "Saturday: " << Saturday << '\n';
  std::cout << "Saturday + days(3): " 
            << Saturday + days(3) << '\n';                   // (2)
  std::cout << "Saturday - days(22): " 
            << Saturday - days(22) << '\n';                  // (8)
  std::cout << "Saturday - Monday: " 
            <<  Saturday - Monday << '\n';                   // (9)

  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "2021y/March: " << 2021y/March << '\n';       // (3)
  std::cout << "2021y/March + years(3) - months(35): " 
            << 2021y/March + years(3) - months(35) << '\n';  // (10)
  std::cout << "2022y/July - 2021y/June: " 
            << 2022y/July - 2021y/June << '\n';              // (11)
  std::cout << "2021y/June > 2021y/July: " 
            << (2021y/June > 2021y/July) << '\n';            // (12)

  std::cout << '\n';

  std::cout << "2021y/March/Saturday[last]: " 
            << 2021y/March/Saturday[last] << '\n';   // (4)
  std::cout << "2021y/March/Saturday[last] + months(13) + years(3): " 
            << 2021y/March/Saturday[last] + months(13) + years(3) << '\n';
  std::cout << "2021y/July/Saturday[last] - months(1) == 2021y/June/Saturday[last]: "
            << (2021y/July/Saturday[last] - months(1) == 2021y/June/Saturday[last]) 
            << '\n';

  std::cout << '\n';

}
        

The program performs operations on std::chrono::month (line 1), std::chrono::weekday (line 2), std::chrono::year_month (line 3), and std::chrono::year_month_weekday_last (line 4).

Adding or subtracting the time duration std::chrono::months automatically applies modulo operations (lines 5 and 6). Subtracting two std::chrono::month objects returns 1 month. One month has 2629746 seconds (line 7). Accordingly, you can add or subtract a time duration std::chrono::days to or from a calendar data std::chrono::day (lines 8 and 9). Subtracting two std::chrono::day objects returns a std::chrono::days object. std::chrono::year_month allows the subtraction (line 10), the difference (line 11), and the comparison of time points (line 12). Objects of type std::chrono::weekday_last allow the addition/subtraction of the time durations std::chrono::months and std::chrono::years. In addition, these std::chrono::weekday_last objects can be compared.

What’s Next?

C++20 supports constants and literals to make using calendar-date types more convenient.

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