Bridging Sustainability: Evaluating the Eurasian Land Bridge's Environmental Impact on the Greater Bay Area's Long-term Development

Bridging Sustainability: Evaluating the Eurasian Land Bridge's Environmental Impact on the Greater Bay Area's Long-term Development

Keywords: Access to Resources, Air Quality, Biodiversity, Circular Economy, Climate Change, Cost Savings, Cultural Diversity, Cultural Heritage, Ecological Balance, Economic Competitiveness, Economic Prosperity, Economic Resilience, Ecosystem Conservation, Ecosystem Services, Energy Efficiency, Environmental Protection, Environmental Sustainability, Food Systems, Green Innovation, Health Outcomes, Innovation, Investments, Mental Health, Natural Resources, Operational Efficiencies, Renewable Energy, Renewable Resources, Resource Utilization, Social Cohesion, Social Equity, Social Responsibility, Social Well-being, Subjective Well-being, Sustainable Agriculture, Sustainable Development Practices, Waste Management, Waterborne Diseases

Environmental sustainability is a critical component of long-term development, as it encompasses preserving biodiversity, reducing pollution, efficient resource utilization, and promoting sustainable development practices (Clark, 2007; United Nations, 1987). This notion is particularly relevant for the Greater Bay Area, a rapidly developing region known for its industrialization and urbanization. By adopting sustainable practices, the Greater Bay Area can mitigate environmental challenges and foster social well-being, economic prosperity, and long-term competitiveness.

The interdependence between environmental sustainability, social well-being, and economic development is well-established. A healthy environment contributes to improved human health, social equity, and cultural preservation (WHO, 2016; Bullard, 1996; UNESCO, 2020), while sustainable practices can drive innovation, attract investments, and enhance economic competitiveness (Porter & van der Linde, 1995; Grewal et al., 2017; Delmas & Pekovic, 2018). Furthermore, sustainable development practices can directly enhance the quality of life in the Greater Bay Area by promoting clean energy, sustainable urban planning, ecosystem conservation, and equitable economic growth (IPCC, 2018; UN-Habitat, 2016; TEEB, 2010; UNEP, 2011).

To achieve long-term sustainability, the Greater Bay Area must prioritize environmental protection, social well-being, and economic prosperity. This paper aims to assess the environmental impact of the Eurasian Land Bridge, a crucial infrastructure project connecting the region to global markets, and explore strategies to mitigate potential challenges while capitalizing on opportunities for sustainable development.

A. Definition and significance of environmental sustainability

Environmental sustainability is the capacity to maintain natural resources and ecological balance over time. Key components include biodiversity conservation, pollution reduction, efficient resource utilization, and sustainable development. Preserving biodiversity ensures ecosystem resilience and essential services like clean air and water. Reducing pollution mitigates health risks and environmental damage. Efficient resource use minimizes waste and reliance on non-renewable resources, promoting practices like recycling and energy efficiency. Sustainable development integrates economic, social, and environmental considerations, balancing growth with ecological preservation. Together, these elements support long-term ecological health, human well-being, and resource availability, crucial for sustainable development in regions like the Greater Bay Area.

1. Defining environmental sustainability and its key components

Environmental sustainability refers to the ability to maintain and preserve a system's natural resources and ecological balance over the long term (Clark, 2007). It encompasses various dimensions, including biodiversity conservation, pollution reduction, efficient resource utilization, and promoting sustainable development practices (United Nations, 1987).

One key component of environmental sustainability is the preservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity refers to the variety of species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity within a given area (CBD, 2002). It is crucial for maintaining the resilience of ecosystems and ensuring their ability to provide essential ecosystem services, such as clean air, water, and soil (MA, 2005).

Another critical component of environmental sustainability is the reduction of pollution. Pollution, in the form of air, water, and soil contamination, poses significant threats to human health and the environment (UNEP, 2019). By implementing sustainable practices and technologies, such as renewable energy sources and waste management systems, we can mitigate the negative impacts of pollution and safeguard the well-being of both current and future generations (UNDP, 2019).

Efficient resource utilization is also an essential aspect of environmental sustainability. This involves minimizing waste and maximizing the use of renewable resources while reducing dependence on non-renewable resources (WCED, 1987). By adopting sustainable resource management practices, such as recycling, energy efficiency, and sustainable agriculture, we can ensure the long-term availability of resources and reduce the pressure on ecosystems (FAO, 2019).

Promoting sustainable development practices is essential for achieving environmental sustainability. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987). It integrates economic, social, and environmental considerations into decision-making processes (UN, 2015). By embracing sustainable development principles, we can balance economic growth, social well-being, and environmental protection, leading to long-term sustainable development (UNDP, 2020).

In summary, environmental sustainability is vital for long-term development, encompassing preserving biodiversity, reducing pollution, efficient resource utilization, and promoting sustainable development practices. These components are crucial for maintaining the ecological balance, protecting human health, ensuring resource availability, and achieving a sustainable future for the Greater Bay Area.

2. Explaining the importance of sustainability for social and economic development

Environmental sustainability plays a crucial role in fostering social and economic development. It is about preserving the natural environment and creating a harmonious balance between human activities and the ecosystem (World Bank, 2012).

Socially, environmental sustainability ensures the well-being and quality of life for present and future generations. By protecting the environment, we safeguard the health and safety of communities, provide access to clean air and water, and promote equitable distribution of resources (UNDP, 2019). Additionally, sustainable practices contribute to social cohesion, enhance resilience to climate change, and reduce social inequalities (OECD, 2016).

Economically, environmental sustainability is closely linked to long-term prosperity. Numerous studies have shown that sustainable development practices can lead to economic growth, job creation, and increased competitiveness (World Bank, 2012). For instance, investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency can reduce energy costs, enhance energy security, and stimulate innovation (IEA, 2017). Moreover, sustainable resource management practices can contribute to resource efficiency, reduce waste, and improve productivity (UNEP, 2018).

The concept of the circular economy is an illustrative instance of the economic benefits of environmental sustainability. This approach aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency by reusing, recycling, and recovering materials throughout production and consumption (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015). By embracing the circular economy, businesses can reduce costs, enhance resource resilience, and create new economic opportunities (Accenture, 2019).

Empirical case studies have provided evidence of the positive correlation between environmental sustainability and economic development. For example, the Nordic countries have demonstrated that sustainable practices, such as renewable energy investments and environmental regulations, can lead to economic growth while maintaining a high quality of life and environmental standards (Nordic Council of Ministers, 2019).

In summary, environmental sustainability is essential for social and economic development. It ensures the well-being of communities, promotes social cohesion, and reduces inequalities. Economically, sustainability practices can drive innovation, enhance competitiveness, and create new economic opportunities. Empirical evidence and case studies support the notion that a sustainable approach can lead to long-term prosperity for the Greater Bay Area and beyond.

B. Benefits of sustainable practices for human health and ecosystem preservation

Sustainable practices offer significant benefits for human health and ecosystem preservation. They reduce air and water pollution, improving respiratory and cardiovascular health and preventing waterborne diseases. For example, clean energy and proper waste management ensure cleaner air and water, enhancing community health. Sustainable agriculture minimizes harmful chemicals, promoting safer, nutritious food. Ecosystem preservation supports essential services like climate regulation, water purification, and food production, vital for human well-being. Access to natural spaces also boosts mental and physical health. Overall, these practices foster resilient ecosystems and healthier communities, contributing to long-term sustainability and quality of life in the Greater Bay Area.

1. Examining the positive impacts of sustainable practices on human health

Sustainable practices significantly impact human health by reducing environmental pollution and promoting a cleaner and safer living environment. Empirical evidence supports the notion that environmental sustainability improves health outcomes for individuals and communities.

One of the critical benefits of sustainable practices is the reduction of air pollution. Studies have shown that air pollution harms respiratory health, cardiovascular health, and overall mortality rates (Dockery et al., 1993; Pope et al., 2002). Sustainable initiatives, such as promoting clean energy sources and implementing emission control measures, contribute to improved air quality, decreasing respiratory diseases and premature deaths (World Health Organization, 2018).

Additionally, sustainable practices in waste management and pollution control help prevent water contamination, which is crucial for maintaining clean and safe drinking water sources. Contaminated water can spread waterborne diseases, including cholera, dysentery, and typhoid (Pr?ss-Ust?n et al., 2019). By implementing sustainable practices, such as proper waste disposal and water treatment, the risk of waterborne diseases can be mitigated, ensuring better health outcomes for communities.

Sustainable practices also play a vital role in preserving biodiversity and ecosystem health, directly and indirectly impacting human health. Biodiversity loss can disrupt ecosystem services, such as pollination, water purification, and disease regulation, essential for human well-being (Cardinale et al., 2012). Conserving natural habitats and promoting sustainable land use practices help maintain ecosystem balance, which is critical for preventing the spread of infectious diseases and preserving the provision of essential resources for human health.

Furthermore, sustainable agriculture practices, such as organic farming and agroecology, contribute to healthier food systems. These practices minimize synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, promoting the production of nutritious and safe food (Pretty et al., 2018). Access to a diverse and nutritious diet reduces the risk of malnutrition and related health issues, such as obesity and chronic diseases (FAO, 2019).

In summary, sustainable practices significantly impact human health by reducing air and water pollution, preserving biodiversity, and promoting healthier food systems. These benefits are supported by empirical evidence and research studies. By adopting and promoting sustainable practices, the Greater Bay Area can enhance its residents' well-being and quality of life, contributing to long-term sustainable development.

2. Discussing the importance of ecosystem preservation for long-term well-being

Preserving ecosystems is crucial for long-term well-being as it supports human life and maintains a healthy environment. The preservation of ecosystems ensures the provision of essential ecosystem services vital for human well-being and sustainable development.

Ecosystems provide various services, including regulating, provisioning, supporting, and cultural services (Millennium et al., 2005). Regulating services, such as climate regulation, water purification, and natural hazard mitigation, contribute to a stable and safe environment for human habitation (Costanza et al., 1997). For example, wetlands act as natural buffers against floods and storms, reducing the risk of property damage and protecting human lives (Bullock et al., 2016). By preserving ecosystems, we ensure the continuity of these regulating services, enhancing resilience against environmental challenges and safeguarding human well-being.

Furthermore, ecosystems are vital in supporting food production and ensuring food security. Agricultural activities heavily rely on ecosystem services, such as soil fertility, pollination, and pest regulation (Daily et al., 1997). Preserving natural habitats and biodiversity is crucial for maintaining these services and contributing to sustainable and resilient food systems (United Nations, 2020). Disruptions to these ecosystem services, through habitat destruction or biodiversity loss, can have severe consequences for food production, leading to food shortages and increased vulnerability to hunger (Tscharntke et al., 2012).

Preserving ecosystems also has significant implications for public health. Natural environments like forests and parks provide physical activity and recreation opportunities, promoting mental and physical well-being (Hartig et al., 2014). Access to green spaces has been linked to reduced stress levels, improved cognitive function, and lower rates of mental health disorders (Beyer et al., 2014; Bratman et al., 2019). By preserving and enhancing natural areas, we can create healthier and more livable communities, contributing to long-term well-being.

Moreover, ecosystems are essential for maintaining biodiversity, which is crucial for the resilience and adaptability of ecosystems and human societies (D?az et al., 2006). Biodiversity loss can disrupt ecological balance, leading to the spread of invasive species, increased vulnerability to diseases, and loss of genetic diversity (Cardinale et al., 2012). Preserving ecosystems and conserving biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem stability, sustaining ecosystem services, and ensuring long-term well-being.

In summary, the preservation of ecosystems is of utmost importance for long-term well-being. Ecosystems provide essential services, including regulating, provisioning, supporting, and cultural services, all of which contribute to human health, food security, and overall quality of life. By recognizing the importance of ecosystem preservation, the Greater Bay Area can foster sustainable development and ensure the long-term well-being of its residents.

C. Role of environmental sustainability in attracting investments and enhancing competitiveness

Environmental sustainability significantly attracts investments and enhances economic competitiveness. Businesses adopting sustainable practices appeal to socially responsible investors, gaining access to capital and improving their market reputation. Sustainable development initiatives, such as energy-efficient technologies and waste reduction programs, lead to cost savings and operational efficiencies, boosting competitiveness. Moreover, sustainability drives innovation, creating new business opportunities and jobs. Empirical evidence shows that firms prioritizing environmental sustainability often outperform peers financially. By embracing these practices, the Greater Bay Area can become an attractive investment destination, foster innovation, and ensure long-term economic prosperity.

1. Exploring how sustainable development can attract investments and enhance economic competitiveness

Environmental sustainability plays a crucial role in attracting investments and enhancing economic competitiveness. Investors and businesses increasingly recognize the value of incorporating sustainable practices. This shift is driven by various factors, including environmental regulations, changing consumer preferences, and the need to mitigate climate change and resource scarcity risks.

Research has shown that sustainable development initiatives can attract investments by creating a favorable business environment. For example, companies that prioritize environmental sustainability are more likely to attract socially responsible investors who seek to align their investments with their values (Clarkson et al., 2008). These investors consider environmental performance a critical indicator of a company's long-term viability and profitability (Khan et al., 2016). By implementing sustainable practices, businesses can enhance their reputations and appeal to these investors, thereby increasing their access to capital (Delmas & Burbano, 2011).

Furthermore, sustainable development can lead to cost savings and operational efficiencies, making businesses more competitive. For instance, adopting energy-efficient technologies and practices can reduce energy consumption and lower production costs (Porter & van der Linde, 1995). Similarly, implementing waste reduction and recycling programs can minimize waste disposal costs (Lindenberg & Steg, 2007). These cost savings improve financial performance and enhance a company's competitiveness in the marketplace.

Moreover, environmental sustainability can foster innovation and drive economic growth. Transitioning to a more sustainable economy requires developing and adopting new technologies, products, and services that minimize environmental impact (Porter & van der Linde, 1995). This "green innovation" contributes to environmental protection and creates new business opportunities and jobs (UNEP, 2011). By embracing sustainable development, regions can attract and nurture innovative industries, stimulating economic growth and enhancing their competitiveness on a global scale.

Several empirical studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between environmental sustainability and economic performance. For example, a study by Grewal et al. (2017) found that companies with strong environmental performance outperformed their peers in terms of financial performance. Another study by Delmas and Pekovic (2018) showed that firms that voluntarily disclose their environmental performance experienced higher market valuations.

In summary, environmental sustainability is critical in attracting investments and enhancing economic competitiveness. Businesses prioritizing sustainable development can attract socially responsible investors, achieve cost savings, foster innovation, and drive economic growth. By embracing environmental sustainability, the Greater Bay Area can position itself as a desirable investment destination, improve its business environment, and ensure long-term economic prosperity.

2. Discussing the potential benefits of sustainable practices for businesses in the Greater Bay Area

The adoption of sustainable practices can bring numerous benefits to businesses in the Greater Bay Area. By prioritizing environmental sustainability, companies can contribute to the region's long-term development and gain a competitive edge in the marketplace.

One potential benefit of sustainable practices is cost savings. Research has shown that implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices can significantly reduce energy consumption and associated costs (Porter & van der Linde, 1995). Similarly, companies can minimize waste disposal costs by adopting reduction and recycling programs (Lindenberg & Steg, 2007). These cost savings not only improve the financial performance of businesses but also enhance their competitiveness by enabling them to offer products and services at more competitive prices.

Moreover, sustainable practices can enhance the reputation of businesses in the Greater Bay Area. Consumers are increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of the products and services they choose (Delmas & Burbano, 2011). By demonstrating a commitment to environmental sustainability, companies can build trust with consumers and attract a loyal customer base. Studies have shown that consumers are willing to pay a premium for environmentally friendly products and are more likely to support businesses that align with their values (Clarkson et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2016). Therefore, embracing sustainable practices can generate positive brand perception and increase customer loyalty and market share.

In addition, sustainable practices can foster innovation and drive business growth. Transitioning to a more sustainable economy requires developing and adopting new technologies, products, and services (Porter & van der Linde, 1995). By investing in research and development of sustainable solutions, businesses in the Greater Bay Area can create new market opportunities and gain a competitive advantage. The integration of sustainability into business strategies can also attract talented individuals who are passionate about making a positive impact on the environment. These innovative and socially conscious employees can contribute to the overall growth and success of businesses in the region.

Several empirical studies have demonstrated the positive impact of sustainable practices on business performance. For example, research by Grewal et al. (2017) found that companies with strong environmental performance outperformed their peers in terms of financial performance. Another study by Delmas and Pekovic (2018) showed that firms that disclosed their environmental performance experienced higher market valuations.

Adopting sustainable practices can significantly benefit businesses in the Greater Bay Area. These include cost savings, enhanced reputation, increased customer loyalty, and opportunities for innovation and growth. By embracing environmental sustainability, companies can position themselves as leaders in the market, attract investments, and contribute to the long-term development and competitiveness of the region.

D. Relationship between environmental sustainability and social well-being

Environmental sustainability and social well-being are closely connected, essential for long-term development. Sustainable practices ensure a healthier environment, reducing pollution and improving public health. By addressing environmental degradation, we enhance respiratory and cardiovascular health, contributing to overall social well-being. Sustainable practices also promote social equity, ensuring fair resource distribution and reducing disparities in access to clean air and water. Additionally, preserving natural landscapes supports cultural heritage, enhancing community identity and well-being. Empirical studies show that higher environmental sustainability correlates with greater subjective well-being, highlighting its importance in fostering healthier, more equitable, and culturally vibrant societies in regions like the Greater Bay Area.

1. Analyzing the connections between environmental sustainability and social well-being

The relationship between environmental sustainability and social well-being is critical to long-term development. Environmental sustainability refers to the responsible use and preservation of natural resources to meet current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987). On the other hand, social well-being encompasses the overall quality of life, including physical, mental, and social aspects, experienced by individuals and communities (Keyes, 1998).

Research has shown several critical connections between environmental sustainability and social well-being. Firstly, a healthy environment is essential for human health and well-being. Environmental degradation, such as pollution and deforestation, can harm human health, leading to increased rates of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and other health issues (WHO, 2016). Therefore, prioritizing environmental sustainability can create a healthier living environment and improve overall social well-being.

Secondly, environmental sustainability can contribute to social equity and justice. Sustainable practices ensure that resources are distributed fairly and that vulnerable communities are not disproportionately affected by environmental degradation (UN, 2015). By promoting sustainable development, we can address social inequalities and reduce the disparities in access to clean water, clean air, and other environmental resources (Bullard, 1996). This, in turn, can enhance social well-being by creating more inclusive and equitable societies.

Furthermore, environmental sustainability is crucial in preserving cultural heritage and promoting cultural diversity. Many communities worldwide have deep cultural connections to their natural environments, relying on them for spiritual, recreational, and economic purposes (UNESCO, 2020). By protecting and conserving natural landscapes and ecosystems, we can safeguard cultural traditions and promote intergenerational knowledge transfer, preserving cultural identities and social well-being.

Empirical evidence supports the positive relationship between environmental sustainability and social well-being. For example, a study by Helliwell et al. (2020) found that countries with higher levels of environmental sustainability also tend to have higher levels of subjective well-being among their citizens. Another study by Diaz-Sarachaga et al. (2019) demonstrated that implementing sustainable practices in urban areas improved social cohesion and community well-being.

In conclusion, analyzing the connections between environmental sustainability and social well-being is crucial for understanding the long-term development of the Greater Bay Area. By prioritizing environmental sustainability, we can improve human health, promote social equity, preserve cultural heritage, and enhance overall social well-being.

2. Discussing how sustainable development can improve the quality of life in the Greater Bay Area

Sustainable development plays a crucial role in improving the quality of life in the Greater Bay Area. By focusing on environmental sustainability, the region can address various social, economic, and environmental challenges, ultimately enhancing the well-being of its residents.

One key aspect of sustainable development is the promotion of clean and renewable energy sources. The Greater Bay Area is known for its rapid industrialization and urbanization, which has led to increased energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. By transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power, the region can reduce its carbon footprint, improve air quality, and mitigate the impacts of climate change, thus creating a healthier and more livable environment (IPCC, 2018).

Furthermore, sustainable urban planning and transportation systems can contribute to a higher quality of life in the Greater Bay Area. Well-designed cities prioritizing green spaces, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, and efficient public transportation networks can enhance mobility, reduce traffic congestion, and promote physical activity and social interactions (UN-Habitat, 2016). This improves the overall well-being of residents and fosters a sense of community and belonging.

Another aspect of sustainable development that can improve the quality of life in the Greater Bay Area is the conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems. The region has diverse and ecologically significant habitats, such as wetlands, forests, and coastal areas. Protecting and restoring these ecosystems preserves biodiversity and provides various ecosystem services, such as clean water, flood control, and recreational opportunities (TEEB, 2010). Access to nature and green spaces has been linked to improved mental health, reduced stress levels, and increased overall life satisfaction (Bowler et al., 2010).

Moreover, sustainable development practices can contribute to the Greater Bay Area's economic prosperity and social equity. By promoting environmentally friendly industries and sustainable business practices, the region can create new job opportunities, stimulate innovation, and enhance economic resilience (UNEP, 2011). This, in turn, can improve living standards, reduce income inequality, and promote social inclusion.

Empirical evidence supports the positive impact of sustainable development on the quality of life. For example, a study by Liu et al. (2019) found that cities with higher levels of sustainable development had higher levels of subjective well-being among their residents. Another study by Zhang et al. (2018) demonstrated that implementing sustainable transportation policies improved air quality and public health in urban areas.

In conclusion, sustainable development can significantly improve the quality of life in the Greater Bay Area. By prioritizing clean energy, sustainable urban planning, ecosystem conservation, and equitable economic growth, the region can create a more livable, resilient, and inclusive environment for its residents.

Summary

Environmental sustainability is vital for long-term development as it encompasses various components, including the preservation of biodiversity, reduction of pollution, efficient resource utilization, and the promotion of sustainable development practices (Clark, 2007; United Nations, 1987; CBD, 2002; MA, 2005; UNEP, 2019; UNDP, 2019; WCED, 1987; FAO, 2019; UNDP, 2020). These components are crucial for maintaining ecological balance, protecting human health, ensuring resource availability, and achieving a sustainable future.

Environmental sustainability plays a crucial role in fostering social and economic development. It ensures the well-being and quality of life for present and future generations, promotes social cohesion, and reduces inequalities (UNDP, 2019; OECD, 2016; World Bank, 2012; IEA, 2017; UNEP, 2018; Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2015; Accenture, 2019; Nordic Council of Ministers, 2019). Sustainable practices have significant positive impacts on human health by reducing pollution, preserving biodiversity, and promoting healthier food systems (Dockery et al., 1993; Pope et al., 2002; World Health Organization, 2018; Prüss-Ustün et al., 2019; Cardinale et al., 2012; Pretty et al., 2018; FAO, 2019). Preserving ecosystems is essential for long-term well-being as it supports human life and maintains a healthy environment by providing ecosystem services (Millennium et al., 2005; Costanza et al., 1997; Bullock et al., 2016; Daily et al., 1997; United Nations, 2020; Tscharntke et al., 2012; Hartig et al., 2014; Beyer et al., 2014; Bratman et al., 2019; Díaz et al., 2006; Cardinale et al., 2012).

Environmental sustainability can attract investments by creating a favorable business environment, leading to cost savings, operational efficiencies, and fostering innovation (Clarkson et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2016; Delmas & Burbano, 2011; Porter & van der Linde, 1995; Lindenberg & Steg, 2007; UNEP, 2011; Grewal et al., 2017; Delmas & Pekovic, 2018). Adopting sustainable practices can bring benefits to businesses in the Greater Bay Area, including cost savings, enhanced reputation, increased customer loyalty, and opportunities for innovation and growth (Porter & van der Linde, 1995; Lindenberg & Steg, 2007; Delmas & Burbano, 2011; Clarkson et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2016; Grewal et al., 2017; Delmas & Pekovic, 2018).

Environmental sustainability and social well-being are closely interconnected. A healthy environment is essential for human health and well-being, sustainable practices contribute to social equity and justice, and environmental protection preserves cultural heritage (WHO, 2016; UN, 2015; Bullard, 1996; UNESCO, 2020; Helliwell et al., 2020; Diaz-Sarachaga et al., 2019). Sustainable development can improve the quality of life in the Greater Bay Area by promoting clean energy, sustainable urban planning, ecosystem conservation, and equitable economic growth (IPCC, 2018; UN-Habitat, 2016; TEEB, 2010; Bowler et al., 2010; UNEP, 2011; Liu et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2018).

References