Bridging the gap: The disparity between tourism and local communities in Zambia and South Africa

September is Tourism Month in South Africa, making it an ideal time to reflect on the state of tourism in the region. During a recent trip to Livingstone, Zambia—often referred to as the tourist capital and adventure capital of Africa—I witnessed the harsh impact of drought on both residents and businesses. The availability of running water was a significant issue, and the area experienced power outages lasting 12 to 18 hours daily due to an ongoing electricity crisis. Despite these challenges, Livingstone is renowned for its breathtaking natural beauty and a plethora of adrenaline-inducing activities, such as white-water rafting, bungee jumping, and proximity to Victoria Falls. These attractions draw significant international interest, highlighting the potential for tourism to be a key driver of local economic growth. In light of shared characteristics, I am comparing Livingstone to the Hazyview/Kruger area in South Africa.

When comparing Livingstone and the Hazyview/Kruger area in South Africa, both offer a range of accommodations catering to various budgets, from affordable options to luxurious lodges. Each destination features stunning wildlife, breathtaking landscapes, and majestic waterfalls.

In terms of wildlife, Hazyview is home to the iconic Kruger National Park, renowned for its diverse animal life, including the Big Five. Visitors can enjoy game drives and guided safaris. Livingstone, on the other hand, offers unique experiences near Chobe National Park, such as walking and boat safaris on the Zambezi River, providing close encounters with nature.

Regarding landscapes, Hazyview showcases beautiful savannahs and the scenic Panorama Route, featuring natural wonders like Blyde River Canyon. Livingstone is known for its proximity to Victoria Falls, offering awe-inspiring views and adventurous activities such as bungee jumping and white-water rafting.

While Hazyview features lovely waterfalls along the Panorama Route, Livingstone's highlight is the spectacular Victoria Falls, where visitors can engage in various water-related adventures. Ultimately, both destinations promise remarkable experiences and breathtaking natural beauty.

Zambian Context

The tourism industry is a cornerstone of Zambia's growth strategy, contributing significantly to national revenue and local employment. Livingstone’s appeal is further enhanced by its rich cultural heritage and community-based tourism initiatives that provide visitors with authentic experiences while benefiting local residents. The recent accolade of Zambia as the Best Leisure Destination in Africa at the 2024 Global Traveller Awards highlights the country’s exceptional hospitality and potential for sustainable tourism development.

Nevertheless, the industry heavily depends on a reliable water supply for hygiene and a consistent power supply for guest experiences. As noted in our recent research, "Navigating the Undercurrents: Risks and Resilience in Zambia's Hydropower-Dominated Energy Landscape," urban residents enjoy higher rates of access to safe water and sanitation compared to rural communities. This unequal distribution hampers hygiene standards in tourism, which is concentrated in urban areas, creating challenges for health and well-being in rural regions. Many locals in Livingstone struggle to engage with the tourism offerings that attract international visitors, leading to a sense of disconnection from the economic benefits of tourism.

In addition to the high costs faced by SADC tourists for accommodation and activities, visitors to Livingstone must also factor in the expense of park entry fees. Zambian citizens and eligible residents pay a reduced rate of ZMW 700.00 per person, while children are charged ZMW 325.00 per person to tour the falls Zambian side. SADC tourists, on the other hand, are charged slightly more in US dollars for the same experience. Rates for international tourists range from $60 per person for groups of three or more to $90 per person for individuals. This discrepancy can make Livingstone a relatively expensive destination for SADC tourists, especially when considering the additional costs of accommodation and activities.

South African Context

In South Africa, the tourism sector, while a significant economic contributor, faces several challenges that undermine its growth potential. Safety concerns, including crime and inadequate road infrastructure, foster a perception of unwelcomeness for potential visitors. Such perceptions directly impact tourism, as travelers may avoid destinations they view as unsafe.

Disparities in marketing budgets across provinces limit the visibility of unique attractions, leading to under-promotion. Moreover, dilapidated public infrastructure, including outdated facilities, casts a negative light on the country, deterring visitors. The lack of affordable local airlines restricts access and reduces the flow of local tourists to regions like Limpopo and the Northern Cape. Additionally, poor service delivery from municipalities exacerbates these problems, particularly in government-run establishments in areas like Hluhluwe, Pilgrim's Rest, and Sabie.

Despite these challenges, tourism remains a crucial component of the South African economy, significantly contributing to GDP and making up a notable percentage of total employment. The sector experienced a remarkable recovery in 2023, with South Africa welcoming 3.5 million travelers at its ports of entry in December. The UNWTO reported that global international tourist arrivals reached 1.3 billion in 2023, equivalent to 88% of pre-pandemic levels—a trend reflected in South Africa as well.

Even amid this recovery, significant disparities remain. The presence of luxury lodges amid surrounding poverty highlights a disconnect that limit economic opportunities for local residents. This situation underscores the urgent need for inclusive tourism development that ensures local populations benefit from the industry. Furthermore, a lack of diversified tourism products stifles growth, as tourists seek varied experiences. While Sho't Left Travel Week encourages local travel and offers short-term advantages, addressing long-term disparities requires a comprehensive approach focused on equity, sustainability, and community empowerment.

Addressing the Challenges

To tackle these issues, collaboration among governments, investors, and tourism establishments is crucial for creating equitable tourism models. Initiatives could focus on developing affordable options that enable locals to engage with their surroundings, investing in community projects to enhance quality of life, and fostering partnerships for shared benefits.

Both South Africa and Zambia depend on tourism as key economic drivers, showcasing rich landscapes and cultural experiences. However, high accommodation and activity prices often exclude local residents from participating in their own heritage.

Conclusion

The stark contrast of poverty at the doorstep of tourism destinations like Livingstone and the Hazyview/Kruger area profoundly impacts local communities. While tourists flock to experience the natural wonders, many locals struggle to access the economic benefits generated by tourism. This disconnect can lead to social unrest and increased crime, underscoring the urgent need for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives and government interventions aimed at diversifying economic activities in these hotspots.

To foster a more inclusive tourism sector, prioritising affordable pricing structures, empowering local communities to manage tourism businesses, and investing in infrastructure is essential. CSR efforts should focus on enhancing community health, education, and local entrepreneurship to promote sustainable development.

By encouraging collaboration among stakeholders, we can ensure that tourism acts as a force for good in both Zambia and South Africa, paving the way for a sustainable and inclusive future. Implementing strategies that equitably distribute tourism benefits will help cultivate a more harmonious relationship between tourists and local populations, ultimately strengthening the resilience of these communities.

Furthermore, promoting SADC tourism as a whole can help to alleviate some of these challenges. By highlighting the region's diverse attractions, unique experiences, and affordable options, we can attract more visitors and distribute the economic benefits more equitably. Collaborative marketing campaigns and regional tourism initiatives can help to showcase the beauty and diversity of the SADC region, making it a more appealing destination for all travelers.

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