Breaking Down Medicare Stars Ratings
In the following pages, my goal is to help you get a functional understanding of Medicare Advantage (MA) Star ratings, primarily what they are, what they are composed of, and a glimpse on why they are important for payors and consumers. In future editions, I will plan on getting into the weeds on trends in the stars ratings, as well as into how they get calculated.
Executive Summary
Medicare Advantage may refer to a few different types of plans:
What’s a Star Rating?
Beginning in the late 2000s, star ratings began to appear to help consumers evaluate quality and performance of Medicare advantage plans they may be shopping for. All established Medicare advantage plans come with a star rating, with 1 being lowest and 5 being highest.
These star measures are composed of summary scores, domain scores, and up to 42 different measures (in 2024) that evaluate clinical care quality, patient experience, medication adherence, and other administrative processes. By converting these measures into star ratings, users can more readily compare performance of MA plans as opposed to wading through dozens of raw measures.
Current star ratings for all Medicare advantage plans can be found here on Medicare.gov. In the appendix, I walk through a real-life example of what they look like in practice.
Why Do Stars Matter?
Healthcare has long been working to transition to a value based care framework that rewards high quality and low cost of care. Through the assignment of star ratings we can start to see high quality represent itself between payors.
For payors:
For Consumers:
Consumers tend to purchase from plans that are 4+ stars or greater
% of Total Medicare Advantage Contracts vs Total Members in 2024
Criticisms and Feedback
What's In a Star Rating?
Let’s get back to understanding stars and how they are put together. Within a plan’s star ratings there are four distinct scores, all of which are rated from 1 to 5 stars.
Overall Plan Score
This is the first rating that an individual may see when shopping for plans and represents the plan’s overall score.
Summary Score
There are two possible summary scores, a health plan score and a drug plan score:
Domain Scores
Domain scores represent buckets of like measures covering care delivery processes and outcomes, along with member experience. Each domain may be composed of 1 to to 14 measures (see Table 2 for more below)
Measures
Table 1. Summary of Data Sources for Measures
Table 2. Breakdown of Where measures Are Sourced from and Their Impacts on Summary Scores
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From Raw Measures to Overall Score
The overall, summary, and domain scores are calculated by pooling all appropriate measures together versus rolling each up in a hierarchical manner. In other words, for a Medicare Advantage Part-D plan:
Below you can see a framework of how these measures are rolled up. Note that the individual measures are responsible for driving scores at each level. They are not rolled up from measure to domain, to plan, to summary.
Stars Publishing Timeline
The process of collecting, validating, and submitting data from all these sources is an arduous and timely process. Because of this, the current stars ratings reflect measures that are from data that may be over a year old. Given open enrollment for consumers begins late in Q4 of each year, there is a need to collect, process, and validate data. Because of this, data can be several months old by the time consumers first see ratings. This timeline can be found in figure 3 below.
Figure 3. Approximate timeline for 2024 Stars rating publication.
Summary
In sum, Medicare Advantage star ratings are composed of dozens of measures and rolled up in a manner that is supposed to help consumers understand the quality and performance of health or drug plans they may be enrolling in. For payors, it is an opportunity to focus on quality initiatives within their plan and care delivery partners such that they may be rewarded financially, either through increased enrollment or bonus payments from Medicare.
In future iterations, I hope to dive into overall quality trends to see if plans are truly increasing in quality over time, as well as open up the black box on how CMS transforms raw measure scores into a unique star rating.
Sourcing Notes:
[2] https://www.chartis.com/insights/medicare-advantage-2024-star-ratings-more-stars-fade-again-year
Appendix
Examples Captured from Medicare.Gov
To see how this looks in practice, let’s take a look at real-life examples (if you’d like to explore on your own, you can do so on Medicare.gov).
Here is a plan that I found near me (note that this is a Medicare Advantage only option)
When we explore the star summary (at bottom of the page), we can see both the overall rating, as well as the ratings for the domains. (Note that the raw scores for these are not marketed, only the star ratings). Here we continue to see the overall star rating (orange), followed by the summary ratings (purple).
Medicare Advantage Only Plan
Medicare Advantage Part D Plan
Expanding further, we can also explore the domains of one of these plans. Here I drill into a health plan star rating and can see the individual domains starting with “Staying Healthy: Screening, Tests, & Vaccines”
Finally, we can observe the star ratings for individual measures that make up each of the domains. Here we can see the staying healthy domain and the associated preventative measures that make up the rating (breast cancer screening, followed by colorectal cancer screening, etc.)
Measures Reported in 2024 Medicare Advantage Star Ratings
Below is a summary of all measures captured in the 2024 Medicare Advantage Star ratings. For a more comprehensive listing with definitions, data sourcing, weights, etc. Please review the 2024 technical notes found on CMS’ website here: https://www.cms.gov/medicare/health-drug-plans/part-c-d-performance-data
Table 3 — Health Plan Rating (MA-only & MA-PD)
Table 4 — Drug Plan Rating (MA-PD & PDP)
Product Management | Improving Access to Health Care
11 个月The information was laid out really well and easy to understand!
Co-Founder @ SeQR Contact & Those Who Care
11 个月Josh thank you! It's wild how how complex this all is and then even more impressive how digestible you have made it here
Thanks for creating this summary