Books on Instrument Transformers

Just as Surge arresters are called the sentinels of Power Grid to protect from surges, Instrument transformers can be considered as sentries of protection from abnormal voltages and current conditions in the power system and equipment. They also measure and monitor current and voltages in various parts of the grid. For more than a century, these are with oil impregnated  paper insulation on electromagnetic induction principle.

Developments in 1930s and 40s (G.Camilli, Cascade type Potential Transformers. G.E. Review, February,1936; G.Camilli, New Developments in current transformer design, AIEE Transactions, Vol 59,1940,Pages 835-42; L.W.Marks, A new low- liquid-content Current Transformer, AIEE Transactions,August,1953,Pages686-694)  resulted in compact instrument transformers, with minimum oil content. Capacitor voltage transformers and epoxy molded LV instrument transformers came in to use more than half a century back. Cascade connected electro-magnetic voltage transformers and combined CT/PT were also part of the scene from 1940.In later years, oil was replaced by SF-6 in current transformers, but did not become quite popular. Instrument Transformers based on new technologies like optical sensing of magnetic and electric fields are coming in to use. Sensors based on principles of optical, magneto-optical hybrid, zero flux (Hall Effect) and Rogowski coils are becoming popular. With universal use of gas insulated substations, conventional oil filled electro- magnetic instrument transformers may disappear from the field in the future.

Attached below is a partial list of books published in the past 100 years on Instrument Transformers. If anyone has more references, this may be supplemented.

1911

Agnew, Paul Gough (1881-1954) A study of the current transformer with particular reference to iron loss, Dissertation submitted to John Hopkins University, Pages 224, 1911

1912

A R Anderson &HR Woodrow, Characteristics &limitations of the series Transformer, University of Illinois, Bulletin no.61, Pages 56, 1912

1919

H W Price & C Kent Duff, Papers on current Transformers, University of Toronto, Bulletin No.2, Pages 76, 1919

1921

H W Price & C Kent Duff, Papers on current Transformers, University of Toronto Press, Bulletin No.2, Pages 231, 1921

1936

Bernard Haguet, Instrument Transformers: their theory, characteristics and testing, Sir Isaac Pitman &Sons Ltd, London, England, Pages 656, 1936

1967

Brian David Jenkins, Introduction to Instrument Transformers, Newness, Pages 282, 1967

1968

Arthur Wright, Current Transformers –their transient and steady state performance, Chapman and Hall, 1968

1990

CIGRE SC23 WG07, C. Dubanton (editor), Technical Brochure No.57-1990, The Paper-Oil Insulated Measurement Transformer, www.cigre.org, Pages 78,1990.

1996

Kappa Electricals, Instrument Transformers –A Reference Manual, Kappa Electricals,11, Mount Road, Chennai, India-600015,1996.

2008

Stanley Zocholl, Analysing and applying Current Transformers, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, USA ,2008 -https://selinc.com/publications/bookstore/

2009

CIGRE WG A3-Technical Brochure No.394-2009; The State of the art of Instrument Transformers, www.cigre.org, Pages 126,2009

2012

CIGRE WGA3.06, Technical Brochure No.512-2012-; Final Report of the 2004-2007 International enquiry on Reliability of HV Equipment -Part 4-Instrument Transformers, Pages 188,2012

2014

Robert Bell (Editor), Specifications and accuracy classes for Instrument Transformers