BLG-Jero Wijaya Information
Batur Caldera
From 1.000-2752m
Location
Bangli Regency, Bali, Indonesia
8°14′31.2″S 115°22′30″E Coordinates: 8°14′31.2″S 115°22′30″E
1999 to 2000
Dramatic Caldera, Indonesian archipelagos are the most interesting world’s volcanic terrestrial; Java is the finest and the most beautiful Tropical Island and Bali Island emerged from sub-marine volcanic eruption millions of years ago. From 155 active volcanoes in Indonesia twenty of them are currently active in Java and Bali, Java has volcanically active from West to the East and, two of them are in Bali i.e. the classical shape Mt. Agung and the dramatic shape Batur Caldera. Batur Caldera is the finest and the most beautiful Caldera in the world (van Bemmelen 1970), inside the caldera emerges Mount Batur 1717 m ASL, it is one of the Indonesia active volcanoes emerging from the center of double concentric calderas North West of Mt. Agung.
The South East of the outer 10×13 km caldera contains a wide lake. The inner 7.5-kilometer-wide caldera formed during emplacement of the south Bali lahar-ignimbrite, has been dated at about 23,670 and 28,500 years ago, particularly around Ubud, further Southwestern and Tanah Lot Temple. Another scientifically citation showed the strato-volcano; the outer caldera was formed during the explosion of 29,100 years ago for the outer caldera and 21,100 years ago for the inner caldera? The glecinium, vaccinium and rhododendron are the earliest species can grow in the presence of the volcanic lava.
The southeast wall of the inner caldera lies beneath is Lake Batur over 16 km2; adjacent Batur cone has been constructed within the inner caldera to a height above the outer caldera rim. The Batur strato-volcano has produced vents over much of the inner caldera, but a NE-SW fissure system has localized the Batur I, II, and III craters along the summit ranges. Basaltic lava flows from both summit and flank vents have reached the caldera floor and the shores of Lake Batur in the past. The caldera contains active volcano, 700-metre-tall, and the rest of the strato-volcano summit above the Lake Batur surface called Mt. Batur today.
Villages Inhabitance: The inner caldera is populated and includes the six main villages; Kedisan, Songan A, Songan B, Trunyan, Abang and Buahan, and further between outer and inner caldera is populated includes Belandingan and Pinggan villages. While on the rim of the outer caldera and nearby is populated and includes Siakin, Sukawana, Kintamani and North-Middle and South Batur.
Those villages are titled such Star of the Lake Batur (Bintang Danu). Our secretariat is situated at Toya Bungkah sub village, Toya Bungkan is the bother Batur and Songan, and both villages are previously single village administration in each one, today synergized into the increasing habitants Batur and Songan have several village administrations, Batur became three and Songan became two village administrations.
The locals largely rely on agriculture for their common economic sources; tourism has become stagnantly less popular due to the relatively straightforward of variety economic activities. The fertile black top soils of the volcanic ash such as sediments today is supporting and harvesting lots of agricultural production. Local responses to the UNESCO’s plan Batur Caldera is part of the Global Leopard Network is emerging and reacting from the communities on economic discrimination perspective even though unclearly understanding vision. The tranquility at the villages’ lateral and inner Batur caldera demands constant native preservation and persuasive. We should take care this natural heritance to keep the prosperity running on.
Mt. Batur 1,717 m (5,633 ft)
The first documented eruption date of Mt. Batur was in 1804 from the main crater, and other small craters also formed within the time and have been frequently active during the time 1849, 1888, 1917, 1963, 1968, and 1974 to the last two eruption 1999 and 2000. The old hard lava stream between Mr. Batur and the lake particularly the 1849 lava field is extremely beautiful, the volcanic lava was destroyed into the lake bed and caused deep side of the lake on the lava edge. Unless Pray Eat and Love movie by Julia Robert is documented in this place in the Enjung Singa (Lion Cave).
The substantial lava field from the 1968 eruption is still viewable today from the western mouth of the caldera rim, I was there watching it during the 1974 eruption. The Western part of the caldera rim is a spectacular view of black lava fields on the West of Mt. Batur, this lava fields are flowed out from the lower craters in 1974. Here is also an area of sandy volcanic debris where you can join the motor-cross across the lava fields and volcanic lava sediments. While on the top of Mt. Batur during tourists watching sunrise silver-colored monkeys are also interesting in self picture with tourists.
Reforestation on the mountain is created green slopes everywhere today. Unfortunately between dry and wet season the mountain slopes often burned by unpredictable due to caused the hot temperature and wind season. According to the annalists, planting eucalyptus Alba is not a great idea, this wide range reforestation of eucalyptus in Bali can cause lack watery land because they are extremely voracious to the water, but rich of unknown in the policy makes unaware to this attention.
Lava fields and Julia Robert movie shooting Point,
The southern part of the inner caldera includes volcanic lava fields such as: 1804, 1849, 1888 is spectacularly interesting to visit on recreation programs; self-picture and pre-wedding moment, it’s extremely beautiful. Varieties evident include: lava tube, cinder cones and black lava field zone are the colors of the geo-terrestrials zone where the lake and the volcano situated adjacently photographic. This photographical volcanic terrestrial location is situated amongst Mt. Abang, Mt. Batur and the Lake inside; manual agricultural cultivation has been developed in this area, the locals deeply trying to keep holding this public property in individual intention because unknown procedure is in their mind.
Lake Batur and its laymen Lake Batur is the largest volcanic Crater Lake on the island 16 km2 wide and 91 m in deep, it is ichthyologic, a good source of natural and farming fisheries, but the case now due to the pollution of the lake water with thick sediments and chemicals used by the agricultural activities surroundings the areal of the lake. While the vicinities around and inside the caldera more agricultural complex dominant surrounding the total measurement of the lake terrestrial.
The epilimnion is localized about ten m down from the lake surface, the metalimnion is localized and intermediating both epi and Hipholimnion, and hipholimnion is localized further down to the lake bed. And these epi-meta and hipholimnion are frequently described such attention to introduce the condition of the lake scientifically.
Today analyzers said research is done in Lake Batur to know the water quality of Lake Batur this time through biological and non biological pollution. According to them systematic sampling is made.
They noted that the data are analyzed by ecological statistic and its result is compared to the standard water quality? Another view is that the pollution of the water generally in four categories such as: pathogen is caused by bacteria and Protozoa, Toxin is caused industrial west and agricultural chemical, euthropication is caused by nutrient rich and cause the shallowness of the lake bed, and the deoxygenating.
Ignimbrite and vascular
Ignimbrite is the deposit of a pyroclastic density current, which is a hot suspension of particles and gases flowing rapidly from a volcano driven by having a great density volcanic derbies. The ash is composed of glass shards and crystal fragments. Proximal to the volcanic source, ignimbrites commonly contain thick accumulations of lithic blocks, and distally, many show meter thick accumulations of rounded cobbles of pumice. Ignimbrites varieties depending on their composition and density. Many pale ignimbrites are dacitic or rhyolitic said. Around south of Bali ignimbrite is excavated and used for the part of Balinese style temple or house construction today.
Sedimentation
Heavy sedimentation is increasing time to time inside the Batur’S body and, landslides occur in the rainy season, it makes lakebed rises up and water volume increasing due to the mud’s development constantly increasing. A feasibility study is still running, planning to the heavy equipments will move mud from the lake and bury the low land around the lake is disregarded in the local opinion. The real problem of this high sedimentation volume is the economic activities such as over chemical fish farms and lakeside agriculture includes industrial wasting. There are two main sources of sedimentation; the volcanic activity and human economic chemical activities pesticide; this is seriously demanding decontamination program action.
Cinder Cone
A cinder cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around the volcanic areal. They consist of loose pyroclastic debris formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains, typically cylindrical, vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders, clinkers, or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is beautifully symmetric. Most scattered cinder cones around Mt. Batur have a beautiful shaped crater at the summit. The cinder cones often confuse lack volcanic knowledge people in recognition and interpretation.
Effects
The size and shape of cinder cone depend on the volume of the volcanic debris sediment as different gravity and atmospheric pressure might change the dispersion of ejected debris and particles. It takes years to grow for scrubs and grasses around in order the sedimentation of volcanic debris are developed. Lichen and idle wise are two first species growing nearby after glecinium, vaccinium and rhododendron. Around Mt. Batur is surrounded widespread of cinder cone in the northeast and northwest of the volcano.
Hindu Temples
Arts synthesis is reflecting to Hindu Temple, ideally beliefs in Dharma, values and the way of life cherished in the Hinduism. A link amongst men, deities, and the Universal in a sacred space. Parama Sayika layout plan seen in large ceremonial Hindu Temples. It is one of many grids used to build Hindu temples. In this symmetrical structure, each concentric layer has significance design. The lateral layer, Paisachika pada, signifies aspects of Asura or evil; while inner Devika pada signify aspects of Deva and goodness. Between the good and evil is the concentric layer of Manusha pada signifying human life; all these layers surround Brahma pada, which signifies creative energy and the site for temple’s primary idol. In the center of Brahma pada is Grabhgriya, signifying Universal Principle present in everything.
It is a sacred site whose design attempted to symbolical condenses to the ideal tenets of Hindu way of life mainly in the past period. Cosmic elements create and sustain life are present in Hindu temples - fire to water, nature images to deities, women to men, from the fleeting sounds and incense smells to the eternal nothingness yet universality at its core. Pilgrims are welcomed in four important and necessary principles of human life - the pursuit of artha (prosperity), the pursuit of kama (pleasure), the pursuit of dharma (virtues) and the pursuit of moksha (release). But human ill-literature sometime confuse to these four important pursuits.
In the center; below and above or next to the deity, is merely hollow space without decoration, representing the Supreme Principle (Purusa), one without form, which is presently seen, connected everything, and essence of everyone. A Hindu temple is to reflect, facilitating purification of minds, and trigger the process of inner realization within the devotee. Specific process is left to the devotee’s believe. Primary deity of different Hindu temples varies to reflect this spiritual spectrum.
Site Hindu Temples
The temple site should be planned in ancient Sanskrit texts: water, gardens, where lotus, flowers are blooming, where ducks swans and birds are heard, where animals can rest without fear. These harmonious places were recommended in these texts with the explanation that such are the places where gods are playing; it is the best site for Hindu temples.
Economy
The economic resources around Mt. Batur are mostly in agricultural volcanic fertile black top soils based on vegetation crops. Over 90 percent of the peoples around here live from agricultural industrial. Similar to the house production system in some countries in the world, they take the harvests of the agricultural husbandry and, merchandize to the local markets in Bali, Java and so on. Individual business management is popular, that’s why they only want to get profits for themselves in small amount of incomes and, caused they manage their business themselves.
While the tourism industry is less that 5 percent and, depending on this sector. Unfortunately the main intention is over-expectation, this phenomenon often brings them to the negative income measurements, gambling is a popular for their entertainments. Interestingly the ordinary attitude of the communities unless morning in daily working and afternoon in behavioral gambling. Disregarding the prime economic recourses without analyses is the main human attitudes.
Agriculture
Balinese coffee, famous the world over for its delicate aroma and still an important export commodity from Kintamani area, other crops such as onion, chili, and tomato have also stepped up since decades ago, in mountainous regions, new vegetation varieties are under intensive cultivation to supply the local and tourist consumption today. Single fish commodity is also part of the economic gradation since years. Further outside the lateral of the caldera rim, orange and mandarins plantation is in positive gainful development respectively around the villages nearby the lateral of the caldera rim. Predominance agricultural industry is dominated by autochthonous crops such as corn, sweet potatoes etc.
Mining
Volcanic sandy lava and black top soils (dystrandept) mining around Batur volcano is a practical local business; this mining is used to extract sand from the volcanic sediments underneath. It is often used in manufacturing as an abrasive reclamation, for example and, it is used to make concrete and foundation of generally building constructions. Sand mining is a main cause of erosion on the surrounding mountain areas causing dangerous for the human settlements. It also destroys agricultures; damages are problem for people who rely on farming for their livelihoods. Removal of physical hillsides is the abortive to the lives surrounding, and destruction of picturesque causes much lost. Sand mining should be regulated and enforced by laws, but it is still frequently doing by the illegal miners.
Human Settlements
The 1963 eruption of Mt. Batur produced millions of cubic of volcanic debris of sands and ash. Geographically village settlement is localized place to the community where people live with their family. The geospatial modeling, settlements in this village commonly tolerance, they are cooperated one to another in village’s regulation, collectivity and undisputable concept. The village settlement or community here, with a population ranging from a few thousand remained in old heritage villages system. For example when someone felt sick, the other member of the villages is involve in gathering for a help. Still alike to the past, villages form their societies for their own communities to accommodate the subsistence and other community’s need. Villages have not been eclipsed in importance as units of human society and settlement here.
Culture
Balinese belief and culture started when Hinduism was brought mainly from India to Indonesia about 2000 year ago. Hindu Kingdoms in Central and East Java had their great influence to Bali around 400 AD, after the time Islam came in; Hindu Kingdom in Java underwent lost in power, since time, number of priests migrated to Bali as the missionaries of Hindu refugees. Artists and their followers refused the new religion and escaped to Bali. They blended their belief and traditions with the local people, a blend of which is inherited by the present Balinese, the rich culture which is instead of the scenic beauty of the island, has attracted more visitors from time to time. Their stronghold religion and traditions may be the prime factor to enable them to preserve their culture from the overseas influences.
Cock fighting
Cockfighting is the common and popular Balinese game, the communities are frequently settled this game when temple ceremonies, cremation etc. are performed though it is anti-thesis to religious guidance, gambling addiction eradicates all sacral tradition, and cockfighting is used to be in the ceremonial procession to succeed the ceremony in the blind perspective, but it confused the communities, the more ceremony performed in some places the more widespread cock fighting game happening. Cockfighting is illegally forbidden to the Indonesian regulation, but all regulation system to be disappeared after happiness and ill-advised human characters are dominantly conspired.
Previously, there was tradition of sprinkling chicken blood when ceremony or building construction starts to purify the areal and avoid from the evil spirits, this game is religiously allowed only one game in once event. But after the human addiction is widespread, chicken blood sprinkle or cockfighting was reformed to be big gambling syndicate tens of years ago and provided by mostly village community’s managements in argument of financial collection for any theological developments which can confuse the peoples from religious devoting to gambler’s attraction. Negative doctrinarian is one of their ways to overpower one to another chock; toxic oil is also practical technical power to create fast killing another cock, small sharp knife with toxin will kill another very fast.
Widespread cock fights and other gambling preparation is frequently running without regulation control, money can empower the ill-mannered peoples; money can confuse your eyes from bright to be blind, you can do whatever you want if you have money. Law enforcers are not clearly brain and prospective in framework regarding to anti-gambling regulation implementation. The fighting stages often uses village’s community house of meeting (Balai Masyarakat). Interestingly, cock fighting liked and intended by over 80 percent of the Balinese peoples in order to entertain themselves after work, both official and natural human being can be seen here collaborated amongst the cock fight gatherings.
Cock cages are seen almost in every family house in the Balinese villages, the head of family are generally men, if temple ceremony in the village happened, cock fighting game take places by the temple and every family has to provide at least one cock (Uuran) for fighting as the member of the community participation to the successful of the ceremony. Other side Balinese village women are on their task in preparing the ceremonial offerings. In some places, kids are participating in the traditional gambling in the lower place of the temple territorial, this kind of card and other gambling are provided by individual gamble makers and liked by kids, that is why Balinese peoples are mostly gamblers because the learn to gamble since they are little kids.
Cock’s quality and power: originally Balinese cocks were good enough to fight though the fight needs longer time decades ago. Since human development is increased time to time cross island and even overseas cock fighting candidate are imported constantly, after Balinese chock degraded, overseas Cock ( ayam Bangkok) was inbreeded decades ago to select fighter candidates. After Ayam Bangkok decreased, they imported overseas cock such Philippines Cocks and Land-sea cocks confidently. The last cock fighters to Bali came from Kalimantan the neighboring island, and Kalimantan peoples also come to Bali for cock fighting in big financial fight.
Planning
Our Plans varied into pragmatic tourist attraction and activities for short and long term of tourism development in order to participate into sustainability development Global Geopark Batur Caldera:
Hourly Shuttle bus from the Airport, Kuta, Nusa Dua and Sanur to Lake Batur is our dream to actualize prime goal and to stabilize visitors in and out in this place. We are providing this shuttle bus with our local sharing capital amongst us to make sure they get their business right now and for the future. The Shuttle bus will go via Penglipuran, (the awarded Balinese Traditional Village) Besakih (mother of Balinese Temples) and Batur Caldera Rim to the lake side Julia Robert movie shooting point.
Sunrise and Volcanic Steam
Walking up mountain in the morning during the Eastern dawn before the sun rises can inspire you mind where and who yourself are in this chance. The caldera has various high points where views are stunning and changing varied views, multi-high points show you how spectacular this place is? The top of Mount Batur 1717 m ASL has great views with sunrise across the oriental, various hot steams are widespread both on the main and smaller craters. Lack chemical educated peoples use these steams in cooking foods such as: eggs and bananas, ironically they advertize it for their promotion and utilize it to consume the steamed meals from the volcanic steams. For those who are rich in chemical and volcanic scientific knowledge, they won’t recommend you to consume anything cooked from volcanic steamed meals.
Lakeside Camping lodge is currently popular in the world tourism today, our camping ground is localized between deep old lava streams into the lake (lakeside camping), fishing and short lava trek also available here during the camping activities.
Around the Lake Boating, The measurement of the lake is over 16 km2, it is great to travel around by motorboat, and we plan to settle around lake boat trip with visiting Dewi Danu Stature near Ulun Danu Temple, visiting cemetery and the village Trunyan (Bali Age). Photographing points are widespread and surrounding the lake. Agricultural terrestrials are also varying the landscapes and stunning views.
Lion cave and Julia Robert movie Shooting Point, Pre-wedding photograph is the main visitor’s demand particularly the local visitors, for this chance we settle some bamboo stages on the lake surface near Lion Cave and Julia Robert shooting point, which is geologically named fellow lava. Local grilled fish restaurant in the front of pumped hot spring pool is the magnetic tourism activities include magnitude Mount Abung and Mount Batur views.
Toya Bungkah, Center of Tourist Information is needed here to provide tourist activities in and outside the Batur Caldera, Tourist Information can tire up and increase holiday visitors, which affect the economical gradation in the region for short and long terms. Valid information is required by visitors in order to educate them ecological, volcanic and cultural description.
By Jero Wijaya