Battery Analytics

Have you come across a new stream of analytics into energy sector named "Battery Analytics"?

Global EV Battery Market is expanding and it is time to build better strategy on managing the demand and supply fulfilment without compromising the quality of the battery.

Key Battery Metrics

Watt-hours - Watt-hours measure how much energy (watts) a battery will deliver in an hour, and it’s the standard of measurement for a battery. Battery capacity that is measured in weight or number cells produced doesn’t provide insight into the actual performance of the chemistry.

Duty Cycle - It is important to know how much energy is used per application cycle and to design for the maximum energy throughput and power delivery, not the average.

Battery-size or Energy Density - tiniest earbuds or an electric SUV, every battery application can benefit from smaller, lighter batteries. Size vs Energy Density is important metrics for manufacturers.

C-rates or Battery Load - commonly used to describe battery power. How quickly discharge the power. The higher the C-rate, the more of a punch the battery can deliver.

The cycle life of a battery - the consumer’s perceived value of that product over time.?To use an electric car as an example, if your battery last for 1,000 cycles and your driving range is 200 miles, then the life of battery will be 200,000 miles.

Calendar life - one of the metrics used to quantify battery lifetime and it is a marker for the efficacy of the chemistry, cell design and materials within the battery. Today’s calendar life doesn’t typically allow for the 30 year use a grid energy applications might require, necessitating replacement every 10 years regardless of usage.

Charge rate or speed - how long it takes a lithium-ion battery to be recharged after use. This is often measured in time for a range of the battery charge

Pulse Performance - The ability to deliver high current pulses is a requirement of many batteries. The current carrying capacity of a cell depends on the effective surface area of the electrodes. The current limit is however set by the rate at which the chemical reactions occur within the cell.

CO2 Emission - This is green metric for assessing the CO2 Emission of the Battery.

Carbon emissions (kg CO2e/kWh) of an NCM111 (a third of Nickel, a third of Cobalt and a third of Manganese in the cathode) battery pack. From?this report.?(modified from?Dai et al 2019).

Environmental impact of lithium batteries

Electric cars are moved by?lithium batteries?and their production entails?high CO2 emissions.

The cost of lithium batteries is around?73 kg CO2-equivalent/kWh?(Figure 1). Production of a single battery with a range of 40 kWh (e.g. Nissan Leaf) and 100 kWh (e.g. Tesla) emit 2920 kg and 7300 kg of CO2, respectively.

A lithium-ion battery?can be divided into?three main components:?the?cells, which contain the active materials, the?battery management system,?and the?pack,?which is the structure the cells are mounted in.

Aluminium?is important for the?pack?component (for its light weight) but is a very energy-intensive material, representing?17% of the total battery’s carbon footprint?(12.4 kg CO2/kWh - Figure 1).

The?cells?represent the majority of the energy and carbon footprint of the production of lithium battery. Specifically,?40%?of the total climate impact of the battery comes from the?from mining, conversion and refining?step of the active materials of cells where?Nickel,?Manganese,?Cobalt (NCM) and lithium are processed into?cathode powder?(NCM Powder- 28.5 kg CO2/kWh - Figure 1).

The actual?cell production?is the second most energy-demanding activity and represents?20%?of the total CO2/kWh (14 kg CO2/kWh - Figure 1). This number is highly dependent on the plant’s capacity as many of the energy-intensive activities in cell production relate to drying and heating which is taking place in large rooms where the energy used remains the same no matter if one or several thousands of cells are in production.

Also, the Cobalt stock in the planet for production of lithium batteries.

Swell rate - While all batteries swell, controlling the swell rate of silicon anodes has been one of the biggest challenges in advancing lithium-ion battery technology.?

Impedance- Safety metric, It is the amount of resistance within a cell when stimulated by an electrical current. Elevated levels of impedance lead to stored energy turn into heat rather than a useful current when the battery is used.

The electrochemical performance is assessed by: capacity, open-circuit voltage, and resistance. Capacity is a measure of the total charge stored in a battery. The open-circuit voltage is the voltage available from a battery with no current flow. It represents the battery's maximum voltage. The resistance is the degree to which the component materials impede the flow of electric current, resulting in a voltage drop.

There are few other chemical metrics such as Peukert Equivation, Ragone Plot and on,

Inspiration:

6 ways that battery analytics can help decarbonize our economy

Source: WEF https://lnkd.in/g8q_BNKj

Will Battery technology and recycling alone save the electric mobility transition from future cobalt shortages?

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29022-z

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