Bad Data Is The Worm In The Apple For Streaming Music

2016 is proving to be tricky year for streaming rights. No sooner did it start to look like artists and labels were beginning to feel comfortable with streaming then along come a veritable flood of songwriter class action suits in the US, against TIDAL, Rhapsody and Spotify, twice. At the heart of the legal action is the issue of streaming services not paying mechanical rights to songwriters because they have not identified and / or not been able to identify, all of the the songwriters. The streaming services counter that they a) have been adhering to the rules as they stand and b) that it is difficult / impossible for them to track everything. It is a complex issue that may even have some of its underlying assumptions turned upside down (in favour of streaming services). For a good introduction to the issues see this balanced MusicAlly piece. Whatever the legal intricacies though, there is a crucial underling issue: bad data.  Or, to be more precise, a complete lack of data.

International Music Licensing Is Excessively Complex

International music licensing is highly complex and anyone who tries to tell you differently is either wrong or lying. That is not to suggest for a moment that music services should somehow not have an obligation to invest time, effort and resource into licensing music, far from it. But it does mean that the current system is not fit for purpose.

Recorded rights, the ones licensed by record labels, are relatively straight forward, if expensive and inflexible. But as soon as you move beyond label rights, things get complicated, fast. There are performing rights (which don’t include radio in the US, but do in most other markets…and then there are separate radio and video performing rights, often called neighbouring rights, for labels that are often licensed by an entirely different set of bodies than songwriter performing rights), mechanical rights, synchronization rights and others too.

In practice it is highly unlikely you’ll ever need all of those rights but in most use cases you’ll need more than one. And if you are a streaming music service you will need a few. Add into the mix that in every major music market globally there are normally a few different licensing bodies that you have to get rights from. Oh, and the bigger music publishers have often removed some, but not all, of their rights from those bodies that license on their behalf. You get the picture.

Complexity Favours Vested Interests

The sheer complexity of the global music licensing landscape favours no one other than those who benefit from that very complexity. For example, the consensus is that something in the region of 20% of collected music royalties are never paid back to songwriters or artists because they are not successful identified by the parties that collected the royalties on their behalf. This ‘black box’ revenue then either gets redistributed to identified artists and songwriters on a share basis or gets fed straight into the bottom line. Some entities work tirelessly to identify the creators, others do not.

Rights complexity is not however a new thing, what is though, is the sheer volume of data. It is under the weight of this streaming data that the old system is buckling. What you would expect in such a complex and convoluted system is a central database that enables all parties to cross reference each other and reduce risk of misreporting. No such database exists. Publishers, rights bodies and music services spent a decade trying to fix it by designing the Global Repertoire Database (GRD). But that stuttered to a juddering halt last year.

Publishing Rights: A Right To Go Fishing

The GRD would in fact only have fixed the songwriter side of the equation, no such database exists for label rights either. The reason the issue is less pressing for label rights though is that when a music service licenses a label’s catalogue it receives the catalogue to ingest into its system. No such thing happens with publishing licensing. In fact, one executive referred to publishing licenses as “no more than license to go fishing for rights, they won’t tell you what is included.” Even this would not be an entirely insurmountable problem in itself if it wasn’t for the fact that there are often multiple songwriters on songs, each represented by different publishers with varying shares of ownership. And to complicate things even further still, collections of songwriter rights often get sold on and associated records don’t always get updated.

This is the unsightly mess that is songwriting rights.

Label Data Sucks Too

And it’s not just on the publishing side that bad music data exists. Labels are supposed to issue individual identifiers to every track they release. The principle is sound enough however these ISRC numbers are often rife with errors and duplicates, due to the fact they are often assigned by junior staff at labels using excel spreadsheets.

Unless something is fixed, fast, the entire model is going to buckle. If streaming services are faced with continual class action suits and no effective mechanism for cleaning up their acts they could be compelled to drastically reduce their catalogues to those works they are certain of rights ownership, which of course will inevitably favour the superstars and hurt the long tail.

Fixing The Problem: An Independent, Accountable And Transparent Database For All Rights

So who could fix the problem? One interim solution is for labels to assume some responsibility, after all the big record labels are part of the same corporate entities as the big publishers. Even though rights typically do not map from one major publisher to one major label, there is massive opportunity for both sets of companies to reach out and collaborate, to create joined up datasets for music services they license to.

The streaming services themselves clearly need to improve their own systems and they are indeed working on them. But that is a sticking plaster, no more. An independent, comprehensive rights database is required. This database must be the following:

• Be independently administered, transparent and wholly accountable
• Reflect the real time nature of streaming music with, at least, monthly reporting
• Map all rights for every song
• Enable rights holders to upload their own data and to edit existing data (if they can prove ownership – any disputes, and there will be plenty – will need to be arbitrated by the database administrators)
• Use APIs to plug directly into systems of music services, rights holders, rights administrators and others
• Be regularly audited by an independent auditor
• Be co-funded on an annual subscription basis by record labels, publishers, PROs and other rights bodies, music services, trade associations, with subscription fees based on market share

On Behalf Of, Not For Rights Holders Or Streaming Services

Who would be best placed to create this system? A good starting point would be a collaborative effort between the, currently competitive, back end music service providers such as Medianet, Omnifone and 7Digital. Each of these have implemented music services for a host of 3rd parties and have a unique perspective of clearing rights and reporting. They are also, relatively, neutral middle men between rights holders and music services. In fact, only last week Omnifone announced the launch of its Global Metering Hub to enable real time reporting to rights holders. This is the sort of technology building block that needs to be built into the end-to-end rights database.

The GRD failed for many reasons, one of which was that it was essentially relying on industry to police itself. For a global database solution to work, it must be built and administered by an external third party on behalf of, but not for, rights holders no for streaming services. There are countless arguments why such a database is an insurmountable challenge, but with enough will, it can happen. Until it does, the current malaise will worsen and it will be the small guys that will suffer, both on the rights side and on the service side.

As one senior executive at one of the biggest global tech companies once told me “We love rights fragmentation and complexity: it makes it really difficult for anyone without really deep pockets to compete with us in this market.” And therein lies the rub. Do songwriters want a system that favours big tech companies who are only interested in music as a tool to sell their (non-music) core products, or one that is accessible and transparent to all?