ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of technologies that enable computers to perform a variety of advanced functions, including the ability to?see, understand and?translate spoken and written language, analyze data, make recommendations, and more.?

AI is the backbone of innovation in modern computing, unlocking value for individuals and businesses. For example,?optical character recognition (OCR) \ uses AI to extract text and data from images and documents, turns unstructured content into business-ready structured data, and unlocks valuable insights.?

Artificial intelligence defined

Artificial intelligence is a field of science concerned with building computers and machines that can reason, learn, and act in such a way that would normally require human intelligence or that involves data whose scale exceeds what humans can analyze.?

AI is a broad field that encompasses many different disciplines, including computer science, data analytics and statistics, hardware and software engineering, linguistics, neuroscience, and even philosophy and psychology.?

On an operational level for business use, AI is a set of technologies that are based primarily on machine learning and deep learning, used for data analytics, predictions and forecasting, object categorization, natural language processing, recommendations, intelligent data retrieval, and more.

Types of artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence can be organized in several ways, depending on stages of development or actions being performed.?

For instance, four stages of AI development are commonly recognized.

1. Reactive machines:?Limited AI that only reacts to different kinds of stimuli based on preprogrammed rules. Does not use memory and thus cannot learn with new data. IBM’s Deep Blue that beat chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 was an example of a reactive machine.
2. Limited memory:?Most modern AI is considered to be limited memory. It can use memory to improve over time by being trained with new data, typically through an artificial neural network or other training model. Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, is considered limited memory artificial intelligence.
3. Theory of mind:?Theory of mind AI does not currently exist, but research is ongoing into its possibilities. It describes AI that can emulate the human mind and has decision-making capabilities equal to that of a human, including recognizing and remembering emotions and reacting in social situations as a human would.?
4. Self aware:?A step above theory of mind AI, self-aware AI describes a mythical machine that is aware of its own existence and has the intellectual and emotional capabilities of a human. Like theory of mind AI, self-aware AI does not currently exist.

Artificial intelligence training models

Supervised learning?is a machine learning model that maps a specific input to an output using labeled training data (structured data). In simple terms, to train the algorithm to recognize pictures of cats, feed it pictures labeled as cats.

Unsupervised learning?is a machine learning model that learns patterns based on unlabeled data (unstructured data). Unlike supervised learning, the end result is not known ahead of time. Rather, the algorithm learns?from?the data, categorizing it into groups based on attributes. For instance, unsupervised learning is good at pattern matching and descriptive modeling.?

Reinforcement learning?is a machine learning model that can be broadly described as “learn by doing.” An “agent” learns to perform a defined task by trial and error (a feedback loop) until its performance is within a desirable range. The agent receives positive reinforcement when it performs the task well and negative reinforcement when it performs poorly. An example of reinforcement learning would be teaching a robotic hand to pick up a ball.