Application of Data-Driven Algorithm in Machine Learning.

Conceptual Analysis Of Machine Learning

Machine learning as a concept is related to enhancing computer’s ability to learn using algorithms and neural network models and perform a variety of tasks faster and more efficiently. Machine learning or ML helps in building models by using data or data sets to make decisions. It can be used for streamlining decision making, and executive performance in organizations. The term was coined in 1959 by Arthur Samuel, who was from the field of artificial intelligence and computer gaming, and hailed from the US.

Conceptually, ML or Machine Learning mimics the brain cell interaction model, biologically found in humans. During brain activity, when neurons communicate with each other, those in turn enable humans to perform various functions and tasks with ease, without requiring any other external form of support. Like the neurons in the human brain dissect each task as per the situation, in ML, the data is utilized as per various algorithms to predict, categorize, and represent to solve a complex problem and come up with a solution.

The neural network models in machine learning are also based on Dr. Donald Hebb’s theory in the book called The Organization of Behavior. Some notable contributions in formulating the concept of machine learning are based on the progressive implementation of evolutionary works of Arthur Samuel of IBM in the 1950s who developed a computer program. The computer program involved alpha-beta pruning to measure the chances of winning by each side in the game of checkers. Following this, came the custom-built machine Perceptron, developed by Frank Rosenblatt in 1957, built exclusively for image recognition, leading to the nearest neighbor algorithm developed by Mercello Pelillo in 1967 for basic pattern recognition.

Machine learning algorithms and models

Machine learning is based on calibrated functioning of algorithms and models. In simple words, an algorithm can be termed as a simple process of utilization of structured or unstructured data to produce an output. while , a machine learning model signifies the combination of program and procedure (algorithm) of using the program to reach the result to complete a desired task.

An algorithm is the formula through which a prediction is made, machine learning models are the wider aspect of the output produced after implementing an algorithm. Thus, it would be valid to quote that machine learning algorithms lead to ML models and not the vice versa, technology-wise. To understand what ML algorithms do, let us see the models in Machine learning first.

Machine learning models are classified as per three broad models:

• Supervised learning: In supervised learning, in an uncertain scenario, evidence is computed to make predictions from a known set of data (input) and known responses of data (output) to develop new data or data set as a response. Supervised learning further uses techniques like classification and regression to come up with other machine learning models.
• Unsupervised learning: Unsupervised learning involves arriving at inferences from the input data without labeled responses from the hidden patterns with intrinsic data sets or structures.
• Reinforcement learning: In the reinforcement learning model of machine learning, based on trial and error approach, a sequence of decisions are made in a complex environment. Depending upon the outcome of a decision taken, there are rewards and penalties which help in bringing out the responses, eventually.

Now to elaborate on what a machine algorithm does, let us

take an example of clustering based machine learning algorithm K-means, wherein, a number of clusters are taken into consideration and k taken as the variable. Center or centroid of each cluster is identified and a data point is defined on its basis. In several iterations, data points and clusters are re-identified and once all centres are defined, data points are aligned to each cluster, having close proximity to the cluster centre. This algorithm performs exceptionally on training data that helps in sorting the complex tasks of audio detection, and image segmentation for various AI programs.

Another aspect which makes machine learning a progressive field to explore and evolve as per the business demand is its need for processing data. Training data in various forms serves as the fundamental basis in machine learning. From detecting objects for security purposes to predicting trends in business, efficient and high performing algorithms are essentially data-centric; the more accurate the data set, the more accurately an algorithm will produce output.

Algorithms Powered By Data In Machine Learning

In the physical world, wherein, the majority of aspects that humans interact with is based on dynamic relation with a variety of intangible data, the human mind performs many simple data-driven calculations, every day. In a similar manner, in machine learning a lot of computation is based on data or labelled training data which helps an artificial intelligence (AI) based program work to add value. The usage of algorithms is far more reliable and high velocity than writing the code of a program to automate a process or conduct deep finding on a large set of data.

Machine learning algorithms are mathematical methodologies which produce a set of results with the help of data provided. Importance of data is thus, fundamentally central in the process of machine learning. As the efficiency of an AI program powered by ML depends on the quality of training data fed into the algorithm’s code. inaccurate data sets can downgrade the performance too.

For an ML algorithm to produce high value output, availability of quality training data sets is a must. A training data set is an annotated or elucidated data developed as per the objective of AI application.

Primarily, there are two types of data which power how the algorithms of machine learning work.

1. Manual data labelling
2. Automated data labelling
3. AI-assisted data labelling

There are some key differences in automated vs manual and ai assisted data labelling. In manual data labelling, crowd force labels raw data as per shared guidelines or techniques defined to attach label the data. While in automated data labelling, the training data is labelled by a program and its accuracy is checked before it is loaded for execution. And, the AI assisted data labelling requires both automated procedure and human effort to produce quality training data.

Application Of Data Based Algorithms In Real World

The algorithms and techniques are applicable across industries and economic sectors. In the age of digital technologies and data-driven ecosystems, complex requirements to face challenges of efficient data creation and development, in the fields like smart city, cyber security, smart healthcare, social media and business, ML is also enabling constant data structuring and processing of available data for better decision making, improving performance and enhancing business sustainability.

In the health sector, AI programs are performing tasks powered by highly usable training data. The data is enabling health apps such as twentybn is helping customers track the progress of their health training program by detecting Objects, Actions, Attributes, Audio-visual input, Speech input, Neural network, Speech output, Body control etc. This, in turn is helping the AI-enabled app decode complex tasks such as :

• Understand the scene
• Understand spoken language
• Understand objects and actions
• Generate spoken language by chatbot
• Control the assistant’s body
• Understand human poses
• Link visual concepts to words etc.
• Behaviour

In sectors like finance, machine learning algorithms are helping detect future investment opportunities for companies, meanwhile for the government sector; ML algorithms are helping deal with frauds, identity thefts and improve efficiency of public works by simply processing complex data from multiple sources. Additionally, as the amount of data is increasing to humongous volumes, machine learning or ML is not only adding value by making use of complex data sets but also helping business verticals tackle numerous challenges of the future.

End note

Ideally, machine learning is used for handling complex computational tasks involving enormous amounts of data and when there is no static formula to bring out the result. Over the period of years, as the study and evolution has continued in the field of machine learning, business sectors such as medical, energy production, automotive, aerospace, manufacturing, and finance have benefitted from its models. Machine learning models and algorithms are helping solve sector-specific problems and provide futuristic industry-wide solutions by object detection, credit scoring, trade forecasting, DNA sequencing, and predictive maintenance.

In the coming years, as the data continues to grow and the demand for variable data climbs further, we can hope to see many other tasks getting executed using AI programs powered by machine learning algorithms with models that help in reading and handling data, and fuel balanced sustainability for the global enterprise sector.

To learn how high quality and reliable training data is enabling crucial machine learning tasks and AI programs, click here