The ancient territorial division of Sardinia: a journey through history, culture and geography

The ancient territorial division of Sardinia provides an interesting key to understanding the historical, cultural and social roots of one of the most fascinating islands in the Mediterranean. Even before the current administrative subdivision, Sardinia was divided into a series of historical regions or sub-regions, each with its own peculiarities and traditions, defined by geographical, economic and, above all, by the evolution of the civilizations that inhabited the island. These regions, including Campidano, Barbagia, Sulcis, Marghine and Nurra, were theaters of events that profoundly marked the island's history, shaping its identity.

Beginning in the Nuragic period, local communities organized themselves into independent giudicati and clans, taking advantage of the island's unique geographical features: the fertile plains in the western belt, the steep reliefs in the center, and the rugged coastline. For example, Montiferru, dominated by the volcanic massif of the same name, has always stood out for its rich biodiversity and the production of oil and honey, symbols of Sardinian agropastoral culture. Similarly, Barbagia, called by ethnographer Giovanni Lilliu the “home of Sardinian resistance,” remained for a long time an area far from external control, preserving customs and traditions of extraordinary authenticity, such as the famous a tenore song.

Each region had not only an administrative and organizational function, but guarded a distinct cultural identity. In the Meilogu, among rolling hills and rich plains, traditions related to agriculture and handicrafts developed, as evidenced by the local potters, who for centuries helped hand down technical and artistic knowledge. In contrast, Sulcis, which owes part of its fame to mining activities, expanded its economy by exploiting the resources of the subsoil and the riches of the sea.

Sardinian territorial divisions, often defined by natural boundaries such as rivers, plateaus and mountains, reflected not only practical needs but also the inhabitants' desire to enhance and protect their resources. The Caputabbas peninsula, for example, takes its name from the multiple medieval abbeys that became landmarks for the rural community, testifying to the influence of Christianity and the feudal system. At the same time, regions such as Romangia and Campidano di Milis stood out for the fertility of their soils, becoming hubs of agricultural production since Roman times.

This regional map offers not only a historical trace, but a chance to rediscover a Sardinia that goes far beyond the boundaries of contemporary tourism. The ancient territorial subdivisions are no longer just geographic boundaries, but represent a mosaic of traditions, dialects, typical products and lifestyles, now partly forgotten but never entirely lost. Celebrating this subdivision means enhancing not only the island's past, but also its present and future, opening up to a deeper study of its uniqueness. As reported by Giovanni Lilliu, “Sardinia is not understood by watertight compartments, but as the sum of its parts, each rich in memory and meaning.”

Montacuto

Montacuto is an ancient region located in northern Sardinia, characterized by hilly and mountainous landscapes. The name is probably derived from “acute mountain,” referring to the morphology of the area. In this area, historically devoted to pastoralism, a strong connection with agropastoral culture developed.

The region still preserves traces of ancient Nuragic and medieval settlements. Abandoned villages and small rural churches represent clear evidence of a past rich in history, intertwined with Pisan and Aragonese dominations.

Anglona

Anglona is located in the northwest of Sardinia and is distinguished by a combination of coastal and hilly landscapes. The traditional economy has been linked to agricultural and pastoral production, with emphasis on wheat cultivation and cheese production.

Notable places of interest include Castelsardo, with its medieval village, and the plateau of Sedini, famous for its uniquely shaped limestone rocks. Anglona has a lively cultural tradition, with religious festivals and festivals related to local produce.

Nughedu

Nughedu is a predominantly hilly territory located in the heart of northern Sardinia. The region takes its name from an ancient medieval church dedicated to St. Nicholas, around which one of the first permanent settlements was formed.

This region is known for its honey production, which is one of the local excellences passed down for generations. Folk traditions, including tenor singing, are particularly alive in the area.

Montes

Montes is a region located in the interior of Sardinia, characterized by vast plateaus and forests of centuries-old oaks. Its forests, such as Monte Ortobene, have been an important resource for the local community for centuries.

From an archaeological point of view, Montes is home to numerous nuraghi, tombs of the giants and sacred fountains, which testify to the strong roots of the Nuragic civilization in this territory.

Figulina

Figulina is a small sub-region in northern Sardinia known for its high-quality handmade ceramics. Since ancient times, clay working has been an important activity for the local population.

In addition to handicrafts, the area is rich in vineyards and olive groves, which for centuries have ensured the continued production of wine and extra virgin olive oil, appreciated even outside the island.

Romangia

Romangia is located on the northern coast of Sardinia and is known as the land of Cannonau wine . The region is predominantly hilly and benefits from a microclimate suitable for viticulture.

Romangia has an important historical heritage, with Romanesque churches and archaeological sites, including the Domus de Janas, prehistoric tombs carved into the rock. Many tourists visit the region to taste its wines and admire the agricultural landscapes.

Flumeargia

Flumeargia, located in the northwest of the island, takes its name from the river that flows through this area. This area, besides being fertile and agricultural, is characterized by gorges and canyons formed by water erosion.

Due to the presence of the river, Flumeargia has a long tradition related to irrigation and vegetable cultivation. The region's small villages often host local markets full of local produce.

Nurra

Nurra is a vast region located in northwestern Sardinia between Alghero, Porto Torres, and Sassari. The area is distinguished by its varied landscape, which includes spectacular beaches, arid plains, and fertile hills.

The Nurra is rich in history due to the presence of abandoned mining villages, Nuragic structures, and traces of ancient trade routes used by the Phoenicians. Agriculture, particularly the cultivation of wheat and vines, has been the predominant activity for centuries.

Coros

Coros is located in northern Sardinia and is famous for its hilly landscapes dotted with cork oaks and olive trees. The name Coros probably comes from an ancient Nuragic tribe that inhabited the area.

The area is known for producing olive oil of the highest quality and for the many archaeological sites scattered throughout the region. Places of historical interest include nuraghi and tombs of giants that testify to ancient human presence.

Ulmetu

Ulmetu is a region distinguished by the presence of vast forested areas, mainly covered by holm oaks and oaks, which have always been a resource for the local population. Here pastoralism and charcoal production have been the primary activities for centuries.

The area is rich in archaeological settlements, such as nuraghi and giants' tombs, which testify to ancient community systems. In addition, the gastronomic tradition includes fresh and aged cheeses of exceptional quality.

Meilogu

Meilogu, located inland in northern Sardinia, takes its name from the Latin word “medius locus” (central place). The region has always had a strategic location due to its proximity to major communication routes.

The territory is dotted with archaeological sites, including the famous Nuraghe Santu Antine, one of the best preserved on the island. The small villages of Meilogu are known for their connection to agropastoral culture and the production of typical handicrafts.

Nulauro

Nulauro is located in the high valleys of the central north of the island, characterized by mountainous landscapes and dense forest vegetation. The region takes its name from an ancient medieval community, now incorporated into modern municipalities.

The main resources of the area have historically been related to sheep farming and cork processing. In Nulauro it is still possible to find ancient traditions related to folklore, particularly in polyphonic songs and traditional costumes.

Caputabbas

Caputabbas is distinguished by its rolling hills and fertile plains used for growing wheat and other Mediterranean crops. The name means “chief of abbeys,” referring to the dominance of ancient medieval abbeys.

The region is the custodian of numerous Romanesque churches, many of which arose during the period of Pisan control. Local fairs still celebrate products such as bread, a symbol of the area's historic agricultural importance.

Nurcara

Nurcara is an area in the northern heart of Sardinia whose name recalls the term “nur,” meaning “light” or “fire” in Nuragic culture. The landscape combines gorges, rocky outcrops, and large expanses of arable land.

Historically valuable for its central location, Nurcara specialized in grain processing and wine production. Local handicrafts preserve the tradition of pottery and hand-woven carpets.

Costavalles

Costavalles is a region with hilly reliefs and valleys that slope gently toward the sea. It is famous for its centuries-old olive groves and aromatic wines typical of the area, which benefit from a favorable microclimate.

This area is equally known for its legends related to mythical figures of Sardinian tradition, which are celebrated during the many popular festivals. Tourists are often attracted to the ancient inland villages and nature trails.

Plantargia

Plantargia, located along the northeastern coast, is distinguished by its long coastal plains and pristine beaches. The region's name probably derives from its agricultural vocation (“planta” for cultivation).

Populated since the Nuragic era, this area boasts numerous archaeological sites and ruins of ancient Phoenician outposts. Plantargia is also known for fishing and tuna processing, activities that still contribute to the local economy.

Marghine

Marghine is a region located in the north-central hinterland of Sardinia, characterized by basaltic plateaus and hilly relief. The mild climate has favored the settlement of communities devoted to pastoralism and agriculture.

The region is known for small historic villages that preserve traditional architecture and the many nuraghi in the area. Some of Sardinia's best pecorino cheese comes from here.

Montiferru

Montiferru takes its name from the volcanic massif that dominates the region, Mount Ferru. This area is known for its rich biodiversity, with dense forests and natural springs that feed extensive crops, particularly vineyards and olive groves.

Montiferru enjoys a strong connection with pastoral and culinary traditions. Typical products include honey, cheeses and olive oil, which give rise to popular annual festivals.

Guilcer

Guilcer is a region in south-central Sardinia, characterized by a mountainous landscape and deep valleys. It is known for its forests of holm oaks and cork oaks, which create a unique habitat for local wildlife. Agriculture has kissed the community, with typical productions such as wheat and wine.

The region also has numerous archaeological sites, including nuraghi and tombs of the giants, which speak of a long history of human settlement. Local traditions, such as religious festivals and fairs, enhance crafts and gastronomy, making Guilcer a place rich in culture.

Campidano di Milis

Campidano di Milis is located in the central part of Sardinia, known for its vast fertile plains. This part of the region has a strong agricultural tradition, producing high quality cereals, grapes and olive oil.

Campidano di Milis is also famous for its ancient villages, which preserve traditional Sardinian architecture. The region is enlivened by folk and cultural events that enhance local craft traditions, making the area an important tourist attraction.

Barigadu

Barigadu is located in the heart of Sardinia and is characterized by mountainous and hilly terrain. It is a region rich in forests and pastures, where pastoralism has historically been the main activity of the inhabitants.

Local traditions are strongly linked to agro-pastoral culture and handicrafts, with a focus on cheeses, such as pecorino. Barigadu is also known for its patronal festivals, in which traditional and culinary rituals are celebrated.

Campidano Maggiore

Campidano Maggiore represents one of the most productive agricultural areas in Sardinia, with fertile soils and varied agricultural production including cereals, vegetables and fruits. The presence of waterways has favored the development of agriculture in the area.

The area is well known for its historic architecture, medieval churches and traditional villages. Cultural events and local festivals attract visitors from all over the world, celebrating Sardinian gastronomy and folklore.

Campidano di Simaxis

Campidano di Simaxis covers an area characterized by vast plains and a dense network of waterways. The natural setting is ideal for agriculture, and the region is famous for producing quality oil and wine.

In addition, the Campidano of Simaxis is a place of great historical and cultural importance. Many small villages offer architectural heritage dating back to past eras, with festivals and traditions celebrating local culture.

Usellus

Usellus is a region that combines agricultural traditions with a rich cultural heritage. Known for its cultivation of vineyards and cereals, the local community has kept alive many traditional activities, including pastoralism.

The area is characterized by a hilly landscape and ancient country roads, which offer unique panoramic views. Local festivals highlight gastronomy and handicrafts, helping to keep Sardinian culture alive.

Brabaxiana or Valenza

Brabaxiana, or Valenza, is a notoriously agricultural area surrounded by rolling hills and fertile soils. The region is known for its olive oil and wine productions, which are an integral part of the local culinary tradition.

Brabaxiana's culture is rich in events and festivals that attract both residents and tourists. Historic churches and traditional buildings tell the story of this land and its communities.

Montis

Montis is a region distinguished by its mountainous landscapes and abundant natural resources. The area is primarily agricultural, with a focus on pastoralism and the cultivation of legumes and cereals.

The region is equally known for its hiking trails and places of historical interest. During local festivals, residents celebrate typical culinary traditions,Which reflect the cultural identity of the area.

Bonorzuli

Bonorzuli is a mountainous area with an extraordinary natural heritage, characterized by forests and native flora. This area has a well-established agricultural tradition, with cereal crops and delicious dairy production.

In addition to its natural attractions, Bonorzuli is home to numerous religious festivals and fairs, where the typical products of the land are emphasized. Historic architecture and archaeological sites, such as nuraghi, tell the story of the region.

Marmilla

Marmilla is a fertile and resource-rich plain, well known for its agriculture. This region is ideal for growing cereals, oil and wine, which are a key part of its economy.

Marmilla's small towns preserve unique historical traditions, and local events celebrate typical crafts and gastronomy, attracting visitors and tourists eager to learn about local customs.

Cixerri

Cixerri is a valley located in southeastern Sardinia, famous for its rolling hills and fertile soils. Agriculture is the main activity, with emphasis on the production of wine and extra virgin olive oil.

The history of Cixerri is intertwined with that of the ancient civilizations that inhabited the island. Today, the region is known for its craft traditions and local fairs, which promote cultural and gastronomic heritage.

Gippi or Parte Ippi

Gippi, or Parte Ippi, is a region in the south of Sardinia characterized by a mountainous landscape and rich biodiversity. This area is mainly devoted to agriculture, with cultivation of vegetables and fruits, which are highly valued throughout Sardinia.

The gastronomic tradition is rich and varied, often expressed during events and festivals that celebrate the typical dishes of the area. Visitors can discover the history of the place through traditional architecture and ancient local customs.

Decimo

Decimo is an area rich in tradition and history, located in central Sardinia. It is known for its few but significant farming communities, based mainly on grain cultivation and cheese production.

Cultural events in Decimo highlight the local gastronomic tradition, making the area an interesting place for lovers of Sardinian culture. The region is also home to numerous historical sites that tell of its ancient history.

Sulcis

Sulcis is a historic region located in southwestern Sardinia, famous for its spectacular coastline and mining traditions. This area has played a crucial role in the mining industry, which has profoundly influenced the local economy.

In addition to its natural wealth, Sulcis is home to a variety of culinary specialties, including fresh fish dishes. Local fairs and festivals are lively, celebrating the unique Sardinian culture and traditions of this area.

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