AMF #15 - Essential Training for Seafarers work on Ships with Alternative Fuels

1) Introduction

The maritime industry is undergoing a significant transformation as it aims to reduce its environmental impact and meet increasingly stringent regulatory requirements. The adoption of alternative marine fuels is at the forefront of this change, presenting both opportunities and challenges for the industry. This article explores the critical training needs for crews working aboard ships that utilize alternative marine fuels, highlighting the urgency of developing comprehensive training standards in this rapidly evolving area.

Recent years have seen a significant push towards cleaner shipping practices, driven by environmental concerns and regulatory pressures. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has taken a leading role in this transition, as evidenced by the adoption of resolution MEPC.377(80) on the 2023 IMO Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships. This strategy outlines the IMO's commitment to reducing GHG emissions from international shipping and aims to phase them out as soon as possible, while promoting a just and equitable transition.

2) Current Trends in Alternative Fuel Adoption

Alternative marine fuels such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), LPG, methanol, hydrogen, and ammonia are gaining significant attention as potential replacements for traditional heavy fuel oil and the number of orders are increasing as can be seen on the Figure 1 and Figure 2 which will require a new way of thinking as well as the development of regulatory, training and certification instructions to support as each of these fuels presents unique handling requirements and safety considerations, necessitating specialized training for crew members. Some considerations are:

• Design of the vessels
• Fuel handling and operational principles.
• Bunkering procedures
• Personal protection equipment (PPE) requirements, especially for toxic fuels (e.g., ammonia, methanol)
• Training requirements of crew members to handle these novel energy sources safely and effectively.

3) Challenges in Developing Training Standards

Several key challenges must be addressed to establish proper training on alternative fuels:

a) Regulatory Framework

The lack of comprehensive regulatory frameworks for certain alternative fuels impacts the development of training programs negatively. Despite the IMO’s notable achievements with the IGF Code (International Code of Safety for Ships using Gases or other Low-flashpoint Fuels), numerous alternative fuels and innovative technologies remain inadequately addressed by current regulations. This regulatory gap was a key point of discussion during the 108th session of the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC 108). The committee highlighted the pressing need for developing comprehensive safety frameworks for both Alternative Marine Fuels and New Technologies, as existing regulations fall short in addressing critical safety concerns. These regulatory deficiencies are illustrated in Figure 3, which outlines specific areas lacking adequate safety-related regulations.

b) Expertise and Experience

Effective training requires a robust regulatory framework complemented by subject matter expertise and hands-on experience with these technologies. As these fuels are relatively new to the shipping industry, there is a shortage of instructors with practical knowledge to effectively teach the handling of alternative fuels.

c) Training Facilities

Adequate facilities, such as simulators and augmented/virtual reality tools, are crucial for delivering effective training programs. Developing such facilities requires significant investment and coordination across the industry.

d) Motivation and Awareness

Seafarers must recognize the necessity of alternative fuel training, as it is rapidly becoming the new reality for the maritime industry. Failure to upskill could compromise their safety and career prospects.

e) Closing the Skills Gap

There are several current deficiencies that need to be immediately addressed. There is a lack of adequate training programs addressing the specific requirements of handling alternative fuels, and the existing courses do not fully cover new competencies related to these fuels. Development of model courses and incentives for training providers to include comprehensive content on alternative fuels is crucial.

Collaboration between industry stakeholders is essential to ensure these courses are adopted and implemented swiftly. Regulatory inertia and insufficient recognition of the urgency to update training standards pose significant barriers to the development of these training programs. The maritime industry must prioritize the development of safety protocols, training programs, and collaborative frameworks to support the transition to alternative fuels. The International Safety Management (ISM) Code, Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) Convention, and Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) may require updates to support the transition to alternative fuels adequately.

The Maritime Technologies Forum (MTF) has conducted research to identify these gaps and provide recommendations for addressing them. The report highlights the need for collaboration between the IMO and industry stakeholders to ensure a safe and efficient decarbonization process. Additionally, the Maritime Just Transition Task Force Secretariat predicts a significant increase in the number of seafarers requiring training on alternative fuel technologies in the 2040s, ranging from 310,000 to 750,000 people. This highlights the urgency of developing appropriate training programs and updating relevant regulations.

5) Key Areas of Training

Effective crew training on key principles is essential for maintaining safety and efficiency when working with alternative marine fuels. Each fuel type requires a unique approach, so understanding these differences is crucial. Below is a brief overview of some important considerations, without going into extensive detail:

a) Fuel Properties and Handling

Crews need a thorough understanding of the physical and chemical properties of alternative fuels. This includes:

Storage requirements: Crews need a thorough understanding of the physical and chemical properties of alternative fuels. This includes storage requirements, which vary significantly between fuel types. LNG requires cryogenic storage at -162°C, while LPG can be stored under pressure at ambient temperature or at -42°C in liquefied condition. Ammonia needs either refrigerated storage at -33°C or pressurized conditions. Hydrogen, being the lightest element, requires either cryogenic liquid storage at a frigid -253°C or high-pressure gas storage. In contrast, methanol can be stored at ambient temperature in non-pressurized tanks, like conventional marine fuels.

Bunkering procedures: Bunkering procedures also differ for each fuel type. LNG and LPG require specialized cryogenic or pressurized transfer systems, while ammonia and hydrogen demand enhanced safety measures due to their toxicity and high flammability. Methanol bunkering is like conventional fuel procedures but requires specific safety precautions due to its toxicity and low flash point.

Potential hazards and safety precautions: Potential hazards and safety precautions are crucial aspects of training. LNG poses risks of cryogenic burns, rapid phase transition, and asphyxiation in enclosed spaces. LPG presents fire and explosion risks, including the potential for Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE). Ammonia is toxic, corrosive, and flammable, requiring stringent safety protocols. Hydrogen's high flammability and potential for embrittlement in metals necessitate specialized handling procedures. Methanol, while less volatile than some other alternative fuels, is toxic and burns with an invisible flame, presenting unique safety challenges.

b) Safety and Emergency Procedures

Training should cover fire safety specific to each fuel type. LNG and LPG fires require specialized foam and dry chemical agents, while ammonia fires need water spray for vapor suppression and specific firefighting techniques. Hydrogen fires are particularly challenging to extinguish, so training emphasizes prevention. Methanol fires can be fought with alcohol-resistant foam and water spray.

Leak detection and management are critical skills. Crews must be familiar with advanced gas detection systems for all fuel types. Ammonia leaks can often be detected by their pungent odor, and pH paper can be used to detect liquid ammonia spills. However, due to toxicity appropriate Personal protective equipment (PPE) need to be in place.

Emergency shutdown procedures are fuel-specific and involve proper understanding of ESD (Emergency Shut Down) systems. Training must cover proper ventilation and purging procedures to prevent the accumulation of dangerous gases.

PPE usage varies by fuel type. Cryogenic protective gear is essential for LNG handling, while chemical-resistant suits and respiratory protection are crucial for ammonia. Anti-static clothing is important for all fuels, especially when handling hydrogen.

c) Environmental Impact and Regulations

Understanding regulatory requirements and compliance procedures is crucial. This includes knowledge of the IMO 2020 sulfur cap and its implications for alternative fuels, MARPOL Annex VI regulations on air pollution, EU ETS/FuelEU regulations and IMO’s regulations on greenhouse gas emissions. Crews should be prepared especially when they involve into emission reporting processes.

On the other hand, the environmental impact of potential spills or leaks varies by fuel type. LNG spills result in rapid evaporation with minimal water pollution. Ammonia releases can cause severe aquatic toxicity and potentially lead to algal blooms. Methanol, while biodegradable, can be toxic to marine life in high concentrations. Understanding these impacts is crucial for proper spill response and environmental protection.

d) Engine and Systems Operation

Training on fuel system components and their maintenance is essential. LNG and LPG systems include cryogenic pumps, vaporizers, and gas valve units that require specialized knowledge. Ammonia and hydrogen may involve fuel cells or adapted internal combustion engines. Methanol requires fuel injection systems adapted for its low lubricity.

Engine adjustments and optimization for alternative fuels are crucial skills. This includes understanding dual-fuel engine operation and switching procedures, combustion optimization for different fuel properties, and dealing with potential issues like methane slip in LNG engines.

Crews must be proficient in operating monitoring and control systems specific to each fuel type. This includes advanced automation systems for fuel management, emissions monitoring equipment, and fuel quality monitoring and control systems. The complexity of these systems requires a higher level of technical proficiency from crew members.

e)?Risk Assessment and Management

Crews should be well aware of the risk assessments, including HAZID (Hazard Identification) and HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) studies. They need to understand fuel-specific risk scenarios and develop appropriate mitigation strategies.

Implementing risk mitigation strategies involves establishing and maintaining safety zones during bunkering, conducting regular drills and simulations for emergency scenarios, and continuously improving safety protocols based on industry learnings and experiences.

5) IMO's Approach and The Need for Interim Guideline on Training

The IMO has taken a proactive approach to addressing the safety of ships using alternative fuels. This includes the development of several interim guidelines:

• Interim guidelines for the safety of ships using methyl/ethyl alcohol as fuel (MSC.1/Circ.1621)
• Interim guidelines for the safety of ships using fuel cell power installations (MSC.1/Circ.1647)
• Interim guidelines for the safety of ships using LPG fuels (MSC.1/Circ.1666)

Furthermore, the IMO is currently advancing in the development of additional interim guidelines for:

• Draft interim guidelines for the safety of ships using ammonia as fuel
• Draft interim guidelines for the safety of ships using hydrogen as fuel
• Draft interim guidelines for the safety of ships using low flashpoint oil fuels

In terms of training, the IMO has previously approved the Interim guidance on training for seafarers on ships using gases or other low-flashpoint fuels (STCW.7/Circ.23). This was followed by the adoption of STCW regulation V/3 and STCW Code sections A-V/3 and B-V/3, which entered into force on 1 January 2017.

Given the rapid adoption of alternative fuels and the ongoing development of safety regulations, there is an urgent need for interim guidance on training for seafarers on ships using alternative fuels. This approach has been successful in the past, as evidenced by the development of training standards for LNG-fueled ships.

The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) has proposed that a new agenda item be introduced to the Sub-Committee on Human Element, Training and Watchkeeping (HTW) to facilitate the development of such interim guidance. This would work concurrently with the ongoing comprehensive review of the 1978 STCW Convention and Code and complement the work of other IMO committees.

6) Innovative Training Approaches

The maritime industry is adopting innovative approaches to address the challenges of training for alternative marine fuels. These methods aim to provide effective, engaging, and accessible training experiences for crew members, ensuring they are well-prepared for the unique demands of working with new fuel technologies.

a) Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR)

VR and AR technologies offer immersive, risk-free environments for crew members to practice handling alternative fuels and managing emergency scenarios. These systems can simulate engine rooms, bunkering operations, and critical situations with high realism, allowing trainees to gain hands-on experience without the associated risks of working with actual alternative fuels.

For example, VR modules can replicate the process of connecting LNG bunkering equipment, while AR applications can overlay digital information onto real-world equipment, providing instant access to technical specifications and safety protocols during training exercises.

b) Simulator Training

Advanced simulators replicate the exact control panels, instruments, and operational scenarios that crew members will encounter on vessels equipped with alternative fuel systems. These specialized systems focus on the unique characteristics of different fuels, such as managing gas leak detection in LNG systems or handling the stringent safety protocols for ammonia.

Simulator training allows for the creation of scenarios too dangerous or costly to replicate in real life, such as major system failures or extreme weather conditions. It also enables instructors to gradually increase task complexity, building trainee confidence and competence over time.

c)?Blended Learning

Blended learning combines online theoretical courses with hands-on practical training, accommodating the often-irregular schedules of working seafarers. Online modules cover fundamental principles of alternative fuels, while practical components focus on critical hands-on skills for safe fuel handling and system operation.

This approach facilitates continuous professional development, as online modules can be easily updated to reflect changes in technology or regulations, ensuring that crew members can keep their knowledge current throughout their careers.

d) Collaborative Industry Initiatives

Partnerships between shipping companies, fuel suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and training institutions can pool resources and expertise to develop more effective and standardized training programs. These collaborations might involve developing curriculum content, creating tailored VR/AR training modules, or establishing shared training infrastructure like advanced simulation centers.

Industry-wide initiatives can help standardize training approaches and certification, ensuring consistent skill levels across the global maritime workforce. This is particularly important given the international nature of shipping and the need for crew members to work safely across different vessels and companies.

7) The Role of Regulatory Bodies and Industry Stakeholders

The transition to alternative marine fuels requires coordinated efforts from regulatory bodies and industry stakeholders to ensure safe, efficient, and standardized training practices across the maritime sector.

a) Regulatory Bodies

Maritime regulatory bodies, particularly the IMO, play a important role in shaping the future of alternative fuel training. Their responsibilities include:

• Developing clear guidelines and standards for alternative fuel handling and operations. These guidelines provide a framework for training programs, ensuring consistency and safety across the industry.
• Establishing certification requirements for crew members working with alternative fuels. This involves defining the necessary competencies and creating standardized assessment criteria to verify crew members' proficiency in handling these new fuels.
• Facilitating knowledge sharing and best practices across the industry. Regulatory bodies can serve as central hubs for information exchange, organizing forums, workshops, and publishing reports to disseminate crucial insights and lessons learned.

The IMO, through its International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), is particularly well-positioned to set global standards for alternative fuel training. As new fuels emerge, the STCW may need to be updated to include specific competency requirements for handling LNG, hydrogen, ammonia, and other alternative fuels.

b) Industry Stakeholders

Industry stakeholders, including shipping companies, classification societies, and training institutions, have a critical role in implementing and advancing alternative fuel training. Their contributions include:

• Investing in training infrastructure and technologies. This involves funding the development of training facilities, simulators, and other technological tools necessary for effective alternative fuel training.
• Collaborating on the development of training curricula. By pooling their expertise, stakeholders can create comprehensive, practical training programs that address the real-world challenges of working with alternative fuels.
• Sharing experiences and best practices to accelerate the learning curve. As early adopters gain experience with alternative fuels, sharing their insights can help the wider industry avoid pitfalls and adopt successful strategies more quickly.

Classification societies, in particular, play a unique role in bridging regulatory requirements and practical implementation. They can provide technical expertise in developing training standards and can help verify that training programs meet these standards.

c) Collaborative Efforts

The complex nature of alternative marine fuels necessitates close collaboration between regulatory bodies and industry stakeholders. This collaboration can take several forms:

• Joint working groups to develop training standards and guidelines.
• Public-private partnerships to fund research and development in training technologies.
• Industry-wide forums for sharing experiences and best practices.
• Collaborative efforts to address the global shortage of trainers and assessors qualified in alternative fuel technologies.

8) Final Thoughts and Conclusion

The transition to alternative marine fuels represents a significant shift in the maritime industry, bringing with it new challenges and opportunities. Comprehensive and adaptive training programs are essential to ensure the safety of crew members, the efficient operation of vessels using these fuels, and the protection of the marine environment.

The rapid uptake of alternative fuels in new ship orders underscores the urgency of developing robust training standards. By addressing the challenges head-on and supporting innovative training approaches, the industry can successfully go through this transition towards a more sustainable future in shipping.

As the landscape of alternative marine fuels continues to develop further, so must the approach to crew training. It is essential for all stakeholders from regulatory bodies and shipping companies to training institutions and the crew members themselves to prioritize and invest in the development of robust, forward-thinking training programs.

The proposed development of interim guidance on training for seafarers on ships using alternative fuels is a critical step in this process. By working concurrently with the ongoing review of the STCW Convention and Code, and complementing the work of other IMO committees, the industry can ensure that seafarers are adequately prepared for the challenges and opportunities presented by alternative marine fuels.

Only through such collaborative efforts and a proactive approach to training it can be ensured that the maritime workforce is fully prepared to meet the challenges presented by the alternative fuels in shipping. The safety of the seafarers, the efficiency of operations, and the sustainability of our industry depend on our collective commitment in training and education.

Disclaimer: The opinions and views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of ABS. This article is not endorsed by ABS and should not be construed as an official communication from the company. While the author is an employee of ABS, this article is written in a personal capacity and does not represent ABS in any official manner. The content provided herein is for informational purposes only and should not be interpreted as professional or legal advice from ABS.