Not All Batteries are Created Equally

This article discusses the safety risks associated with lithium-ion batteries (LIB), with a focus on off-gassing and explosion risks, which are often overshadowed by concerns about fire. The UL 9540A test method, a key safety standard, evaluates these risks in battery energy storage systems (BESS). UL 9540A focuses on "thermal runaway" (TR), a condition where a battery cell generates more heat than it can dissipate, potentially leading to fire, off-gassing, or explosion.

A critical point is that off-gassing starts before TR onset, during battery degradation. Off-gassing releases flammable gases, which can be ignited if they exceed the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL). UL 9540A sets thresholds to manage these risks, ensuring that the flammable gas concentration remains below 25% of the LFL in confined spaces.

As a retired firefighter who has seen thermal runaway firsthand, I am so glad we have partnered with the only >1megawatt, Solid State Battery Solution Company - Amptricity - instead of depending on Lithium-Ion Batteries for our clients. This article notes that while fire and TR are significant concerns, many battery fires result from external causes like short circuits or water ingress. All commercial LIBs, including Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries, carry inherent off-gassing risks. LFP batteries have higher TR onset temperatures, but they can still contribute to fires due to external failures.

Stakeholders, including fire professionals, prioritize explosion risks over fires, as off-gassing creates an explosion hazard. Some manufacturers have developed safety measures, such as igniting off-gases to prevent explosions. First responders emphasize the need to know safe distances and engagement protocols, preferring a known fire over an unmonitored off-gassing event that could lead to an explosion.

In conclusion, while battery technology is crucial for the energy transition, stakeholders must manage the risks of off-gassing, fire, and explosion through improved design and safety measures.