Alice in Wonder

Introduction

The novels Alice in Wonderland and Looking through the glass by Lewis Carrol have excited and charmed people of all age groups since they were first published. Over the years, these two novels have stimulated a wide range of Psychological, literary and philosophical discussions from different writers. Even though these two books were published more than a century ago, they keep on raising the interest of different people including readers, literary critics, and specialists from fields such as sociology, psychology, and philosophy.? This interest is compelling given the fact that the books are categorized among children’s literature[1].

Alice in Wonderland was published in 1865, and it involves the journey of a little girl "Alice" into an imaginative world which is extraordinary and exciting. What Lies beneath the journey and the adventures of Alice in the imaginative world is the confrontation that exists between impulsive childhood and the adult world where most things are dominated by limitation and oppression. Throughout her journey into the newfound wonderland, the identity of Alice is questioned both by herself and by other characters that she meets along the way. The author of the novel vividly portrays the dream journey of the young girl where she experiences physical transformations and emotional upheaval as she encounters different characters and undergoes a loss of and search for her identity. The novel has been analyzed from different perspectives with the aim of finding an obscure meaning which can be connected to logic and in relation to philosophical and psychological effects. ?This report is an analysis of the novel ‘Alice in Wonderland.' The main objective is to analyze the trace of Alice's search for Identity while constantly changing and demonstrate that the novel is about identity problems faced by young girls in the Victorian Era. To confirm that the novel is all about identity, this report provides a literature analysis of the novel from Psychological, literary and philosophical points of view. ?Identity in both ‘Alice Through the Looking Glass and Adventures in Wonderland is continuously changing, and this instability creates confusion which results in an identity crisis and allows for different types of exploration.? The identity crisis portrayed in the books by Lewis Carroll is a perfect representation of the situation faced by young middle-class girls who lived in the Victorian era. At this period, children especially girls had to struggle with the social expectations and ideals of childhood which put them into an identity crisis.

Literature review

The psychoanalytic aspect

The psychoanalytic aspect is derived from the principles of psychoanalysis which were first developed by Sigmund Freud[2]. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory in the minds of people, there is an unconscious self which represses painful experiences and emotions and the life of an individual is mainly spent moderating between different desires of the ‘superego,' ‘ego' and ‘id.' These unconscious factors have a significant impact on an individual as they can produce unhappiness which can be expressed through symptoms such as difficulty in relating with other people, disturbing personality traits and disturbances in self-esteem.? According to Skinner[3], it is challenging to understand the meaning of the written fantasies of Lewis Carroll without using a psychoanalytic approach. Different psychoanalysts have engaged in analyzing the experiences of Alice in Wonderland which mainly symbolizes developing an ego or the growing up.?

The character of Alice is portrayed as an individual whose personality traits reflect the conventional ways of thinking in the Victorian era, and she is inclined towards order and logic.? This personality trait shows the childish Naivety of Alice which is paired with the Victorian era conventional ideas. Symbolically, scholars argue that the state of childhood in conventional societies mainly represented bondage to consciousness and the start of the state of individualism. On the journey to the imaginative wonderland, Alice starts to find a new identity by defining herself outside her usual and ordinary social understanding. According to psychologist Eric Erickson, [4]adolescence is a period whereby different individuals start searching for their identities which shape the rest of their adult lives and in most cases; individuals suffer an identity crisis at this stage. Therefore, according to the theory, young people have to reflect and realize their identity.?

Alice follows a white rabbit into a burrow. According to psychoanalysts, the burrow is a symbolic representation of Alice’s unconsciousness where she later finds many doors to open. To open and fit into these doors, she has to frequently change her size which represents the changes that adolescents have to go through. The first identity uncertainty portrayed by Alice is reflected in her dialogue with the caterpillar which can be used to symbolize her inner self. The girl has changed size too many times and is unable to answer when the caterpillar questions her identity; "who are you?" Alice replies by stating that she is not her anymore which represents the identity crisis that many teenagers go through. At this point, the identity of Alice is lost. ?This also implies that Alice has never indeed contemplated her identity. ?Psychologists state that, during adolescence, many children experience rapid growth and development making it hard for them to maintain their sense of personal identity[5]. The frequent changes in size have left Alice feeling confused about her identity, and as a result, she loses what Erikson terms as ‘sense of personal sameness.' ?Now, Alice starts a journey of self-discovery which can be said to be a quest for identity and a process of growth and maturity.

Even though the caterpillar questions the identity of Alice, he also advises her on how she could control her size by balancing what she eats of the mushroom. Eating from one side would make her bigger while eating from the other would make her appear smaller in size. This increase and decrease in size can stand for psychological deflation and inflation. Psychoanalysis shows that in adults, these oscillations could portray psychopathology while in adolescence, the feelings of feeling high and low is a normal occurrence. The advice from the caterpillar could be a lesson to teenagers on how to avoid mood swings which can be difficult for adolescents as seen by Alice finding it hard to regulate her size.? The final result is usually an escalation of the identity crisis among the children because they find it hard to maintain a stable sense of self-identity.?

Alice is told by the caterpillar that she should fight against the dragon using a sword.? When analyzed from a psychoanalytic approach, it is clear that this advice symbolizes the need to find her lost identity with the sword representing her courage and the dragon representing her ego.? As stated by Feud, the ego is one of the unconscious factors that significantly influence the identity of an individual. Therefore, if Alice can defeat her ego, she will have established her self-esteem, clearly see reality and hence find her identity. From the view of Erik Erikson[6]finding her identity corresponds to the period around 22 years which represents the end of puberty. The transformations that Alice goes through in terms of change in size can be related to her process of gradual transition into the stage of Adulthood. They can be interpreted as a realization of dreams that children have of getting rid of the annoying control from the adults. Psychologists argue that problems with identity among children and most importantly teenagers are related to body changes, loneliness and ups and downs[7]factors that are portrayed by Alice in Wonderland. At the beginning of the journey to Wonderland, Alice portrays no signs of learning progress. However, her engagement with the caterpillar, the Queen, and Hatter makes her question her identity, but with time, she grows stronger and becomes more aware of her identity in the adult world.? During the Journey, Alice learns to control her emotional outburst which shows that she has significantly undergone a phase of psychological development and gained a bit of maturity which plays a crucial role in identifying one's identity.?

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In the episode where Alice encounters the Mock Turtle, she states that she cannot go back to yesterday which shows that she was a different person then. This shows that through her unconscious mind now understands and identifies that the regularity of the society is monotonous since she has entered into a new reality. The character of Alice can be associated with Maslow’s self-realization[8] because she was only limited by the expectations of Victorian society and therefore not meeting self-realization requirements. According to Maslow[9], the growth of self-actualization can refer to our need for personal discovery and growth that is present in the life of a person. For Maslow, a person is always changing and never remains static.

When connecting the typical character of Alice with the hierarchy of needs as suggested by Maslow, Alice is a representation of the subjective nature due to her failure to achieve the psychological identity constructed by society. At the end of her Journey, Alice was able to defeat her ego which reflects that most of her torments were psychologically inflicted.? When she defeats the Queen/dragon/herself, she is restored to her earlier happy state which suggests that she has returned to her emotional and mental stability.

The identity of Alice is also evident in her communication with other characters in Wonderland. For example, when she meets the Mouse, she repeatedly speaks about Dinah, her cat without minding that the mouse is scared. James Suchan[10] refers to this treatment of the cat as a sadistic trait even though it is clear Alice is unaware of the consequences of this behaviour. Alice feels sorry that she is unable to reach an understanding with the animals which according to Elkind[11] is an excellent example of adolescent egocentrism behavior. Later on, Alice constantly apologizes after realizing that her attitude does not comply with that of the characters in Wonderland. At this point, she tries to identify with other characters and find her identity and place in society.

When Alice gets out of the dark hall, she enters into a land that is portrayed with a lack of logic and common sense where her communication is even made harder. In her struggle to maintain and establish her identity as Alice, she uses a deep introspection approach[12] which involves analyzing and questioning her acts and talking to herself. Alice wishes that she had not cried so much as she swam about in her tears. She states that she shall be drowned in her tears as a punishment which is a queer thing. However, to gain her identity, Alice turns to common sense and logical methods which is more likely to fail in Wonderland James Suchan. Suchan explains that the “little girl” is just trying to establish her continuity of self in a world where logic and sense do not apply, which can be described as the world of a young child trying to enter the adult world.

Finally, her identity formation is established in the courtroom where she can go into her original size and is unable to put up with the illogical and nonsensical things in Wonderland. She calls it “stuff and nonsense.” Even after being ordered by the queen to shut up., Alice boldly states that she will not stop and at this time, she is back to her original size. Her act of dismissing Wonderland's way of life shows that Alice is finally relinquishing her silly and childish things signifying that she has grown up. At this time, it is clear that she believes in herself more than her stories and dreams.

The Feud’s psychoanalytical approach to Alice’s character shows that she symbolizes the unconscious drive that is related to growth and identity crisis. Thus, the psychological message portrayed by the book ‘Alice in Wonderland’ portrays the characteristic of identity crisis that young people go through during adolescence.

Philosophical aspect

The publication of Alice in Wonderland has also been endlessly analyzed by philosophers as it has become acknowledged as a sophisticated publication that uses elements of fantasy to engage significant intellectual debates. The novel presents philosophers with a young protagonist girl whose experiences of physical growth and development through her journey allow her to navigate through a chaotic environment at the cost of her identity. Alice is subjected to much scrutiny by different characters who force her to reconsider her identity and status as just a ‘little girl.' ?From a philosophical and teleological point of view, the fall down the rabbit hole activates the identity crisis in the book although more psychological. Alice is perplexed when she frequently changes in size from small to large which prompts self-doubt. This gives the girl the ability to alternately occupy positions of smallness and bigness suggesting that she is a naturalist[13]. This means, for example, her small size would allow her to perceive natural phenomena that would be inaccessible and also experience them from a different point of view.

However, it can also be argued that she is not a traditional naturalist given that her perspective is always limited by her size. For example, when Alice ingests a piece of mushroom, she shoots up to the sky, and when she looks down, she notices her long neck. She starts wondering where her poor shoulders and hands are. Rather than empowering her, the size disconnects her from her sense of self-identity and surroundings indicating identity crises. When reading this teleologically, one can see a conflict between self and the environment which from a philosophical point of view sets up consideration of the distinction between individuals and nature[14]. This is augmented when the mother pigeon accuses Alice of being a serpent and an egg thief hence causing her to experience a shift from subject to object. According to Lovell-Smith, this creates a strong conflict in Alice's self-identity as a human child because she is no longer able to differentiate herself from the natural world[15]. This is seen when she cannot refute the different classifications she is given by the different characters such as the pigeon. For example, when the pigeon repeatedly refers to her as a serpent, Alice doubtfully replies saying that she is a little girl not sure of who she is. At this point, Alice is forced to recognize herself as a "little girl."

However, despite her confusion, Alice finds it essential to assert her identity without being determined by external forces such as the pigeon. At one point, the pigeon tells the girl that it does not matter whether she is a serpent or a little girl and Alice gives a swift reply stating that it mattered a good deal to her. At this point, she tries to reclaim her subjectivity which is essential when it comes to maintaining one's identity. The term ‘Individual’ is explained in Principles of Biology by Herbert Spencer as a unit that has successfully achieved the state of equilibrium between its external and internal relations[16]. For Lewis Carrol in Alice in Wonderland, an individual can be categorized by his or her ability to dynamically engage with the surroundings and be able to change when external forces confront them. In this case, Alice asserts her self which according to Spencer refers to a human individual who has the right to determine her subjectivity.

However, Alice cannot escape all systems of classification in Wonderland. At one point, she wonders if she could have changed to one of her friends Ada or Mabel. She says she could not be Ada based on her physical self; "her hair goes in long ringlets while Alice's does not." On the other hand, she identifies Mabel based on a mental capacity for "she knows very little" compared to Alice[17] ).? According to Holmes, Alice contemplates a materialistic and idealistic explanation of personal identity. At this point, Alice is confronted by a crisis in identity and employs her age mates to orient her self-identity. This is because, despite their sharing nominal status as little girls, their mental cognitive and physical differences make her conclude that her own identity cannot be interchanged with that of Ada and Mabel.

Language is another factor that has been studied by philosophers since time immemorial. According to Chambers, language is one of the least things that humans can acquire as children below the age of three can easily use it without any developed form of judgment and information. Chambers aligns the linguistic capabilities of human children to those of animals which are inferior when compared to human beings[18]. Alice can defy this as engages with the creatures in Wonderland she tries to assert her subjectivity as a human. Even after misinterpreting some linguistic words, Alice can create new narratives that exceed their aural origin easily. For Instance, Alice portrays a dynamic approach to the use of language when she misinterprets tale for tail when the mouse offers to tell her "long and sad tale." She wonders why the mouse refers to her tail as long and sad and as a result, she imagines the story as a poem that is written in tail rhyme. Alice can transform the ambiguous speech of the mouse into an innovative form.

However, the relationship of Alice to linguistics is also unstable just like her physicality and even after being exposed to different types of linguistic play in Wonderland; she cannot understand some words, e.g. why Mock Turtle uses the term "Porpoise" instead of "Purpose."? This is brought by the fact that the linguistic environment in this country is very dynamic which leaves her confused just like her physical transformations. According to Trench who was a member of philosophical society, language operates in a state of perpetual uncertainty[19]. Therefore, for Alice in Wonderland, the sophistication of language is not an end to the development of humans but a tenuous process of development. Can you add some more stuff about the philosophical aspect? There are many other examples and episodes in the book that you can find something to say about)

Alice wonders whether the changes she has been going through have changed her identity. At this point, she stumbles on the puzzle of memory and personal identity. She tries to think who she was when she got up that morning. This shows that our lives and identities are controlled by our memories about ourselves and the assumption that we know ourselves. Therefore, our memories make up our self-identity and hence, we are the stuff of muchness and memory. Our memories indeed form the basis of our identity and the accumulation of all our previous experiences determines our we relate with other people[20].

This line of thinking shakes the sense of Alice's self and she therefore tries to see if she can remember the things she used to know.? This raises an essential question; does it mean we are the same people if we can remember past things? And are we different people we can’t remember the things we used to know? The solutions to these two questions have an impact on personal memory and our relationship to our identity.? For instance, who does the “I” stand for when one says that “I can remember”? Alice discovers that there is a difference between the “I” of today, and the “I” of yesterday and that of the following day.? According to John Locke[21] who is a philosopher, Memory plays a very critical role in the theory of self and it is a means by which an individual can ensure and enhance progressivity of consciousness and therefore, the continuity of self-identity.

In another scenario, Alice adapts her size to visit the house of the Duchess. However, what she finds in the house alarms her. The baby is howling, the cook is tossing places and the air is full of paper in the midst of this chaos, Alice gets the baby out of the house. However, the baby starts to resemble a pig and at this point, Alice thinks to herself ‘If the baby had grown up, it would have resembled an ugly child but she states that it is a handsome pig. Philosophically, human beings tend to find the right perspective on things to make them more tolerable. At one point, Alice speculates about how other children could be changed into pigs. This shows that the world makes sense to us mostly when we control our perspectives of things. For example, when Alice asks the Cheshire cat for directions, the cat states that it depends on where she wants to go. This response shows that we are the creative artists of our own identity depending on the perspectives of lives we choose.

Literary analysis

The identity crisis in Alice in Wonderland can also be analyzed using literary theories. Literary theory includes the description of the underlying principles by which we attempt to understand certain works of literature.? In this case, literary analysis and theory are used to develop the significance of identity and gender both from the author's point of view and analysis of the thematic presence in the book "Alice in Wonderland."? Although literary theory has over the years implied a conception of the world that exists outside the written works, today, three main movements- "Postmodernism," "Feminism" and "Marxist theory" have expanded the field of literary studies[22].? Alice in Wonderland has had a significant impact on literary studies as different scholars seek to theorize the position of Lewis Carroll. The whole book is reviewed as a reaction that exists against the literary conventions of the 19th century and the principles of the traditional Victorian era. Each encounter in the book represents some part of childhood identity, and it represents the whole growing process.

In the first chapter, the ‘little girl' Alice, finds herself falling into a deep rabbit hole where she begins inventing.? As she falls, Alice comes up with the idea that she should shut up like a telescope for her to enter the loveliest garden and she longs for a book of rules that might guide her in accomplishing the mission. Coming from the traditional Victorian Era, Alice is used to being guided by rules that keep her in line and govern how she should react in certain cases. Instead, she adapts her actions and thinking and invents new rules that would guide her through the newfound realm[23].

After reaching the ground, Alice immediately begins looking for ways to enter the lovely garden, but she finds that the door is too small for her big size. This represents the realization that children go through after finding out that they have grown up. Typically, there are a lot of things that children do not want to give up while at the same time, they want the benefits of being an adult. Alice tries to invent several solutions to open the locked door with the first idea being to ‘shut up like a telescope.'? She soon learns that not all things operate by the use of rules of logic, social or reality propriety in the new land. Despite the discovery that rules do not apply everywhere, she still struggles to reconcile Wonderland with a desire for guidelines and rules. For example, when she discovers a bottle on the table, Alice tries to meet the authoritative directions written on the bottle, “DRINK ME.” She turns to different stories about children to guide her[24]. The little stories are narratives that were used to teach Victorian children to obey all authoritative figures to avoid horrible consequences from befalling them.

When Alice drinks from the bottle, she is shrunk to a smaller size though it seems illogical. At this point, Alice shuts up like a telescope, and she realizes that the Victorian rules and guidelines would not provide any help in Wonderland. At this point, she must come up with solutions to any problems she comes across, which represents growing up. The accidental growth reveals that Alice believes that the significance of size is tied to her consciousness of class or identity[25]. After growing up, Alice wonders whether she has changed in one night and she ends up asking herself “Who am I?." This question shows that Alice is not worried about her change in physicality but instead, she is worried about changing her identity to someone else's. If your appearance changes, this might mean that you are not the person you used to be and therefore, your identity might have changed. This is also seen when Alice meets the caterpillar who asks her who she is. Alice answers by stating that she does not know. This shows that the identity of Alice used to revolve around Victorian social norms mainly and with the changes in size, how she relates with society becomes unpredictable.

The identity crisis deepens after meeting different characters in Wonderland who ask her the same question or mistake her for someone else. For example, the white rabbit mistakes her for his maid while the pigeons mistake her for a serpent that eats their eggs[26]. The white rabbit mistaking Alice's identity with that of a maid shows that the role of most Victorian women was generally based on the homes. Their responsibilities were mainly taking care of the family and the house. On the other hand, the pigeon portrays the image of a Victorian mother who is characterized in the novel as being worried about the well-being of their children.

After Alice's body becomes physically large at the beginning of her adventure, she worries that she must be Mabel who knows very little.? Alice gets disturbed by the prospect of becoming another person because then she would have to change her class and not have many toys to play with[27]. This indicates that Mabel comes from a less wealthy family and lower class than that of Alice. Therefore, Alice fears changing her identity and becoming Mabel as this would also require her to forfeit her upper-class identity.? Her growing and shrinking body size represents the fluctuation between sub-visibility and visibility and the advantages that come with each. Sub-visibility is the condition of becoming physically present while absent visibly.

Another character Alice meets is the Duchess who is seen holding a baby, and from how she treats the child, it is clear that she is not content with being a mother. The Duchess is very aggressive towards her child and Alice who is also considered to be a child. She carelessly asks Alice to take care of the baby, and after the baby runs away as a pig, she is not concerned about its whereabouts. Alice also feels relieved after the baby disappears.? The Duchess is represented as an unloving and uncaring mother which can be a direct result of the belief that women must have kids[28]. In other words, it can be argued that women were forced to fulfil this obligation. On the other hand, the fact that Alice does not feel any sympathy for the baby also shows that she might not be ready to fulfil the duty of taking care of children as a Victorian woman.

Alice also encounters the Duchess maid whom she discovers is not the typical model of the fearful and obedient maid. She deliberately annoys her mistress and shows all signs of rebellion to both the Duchess and the King. This is an implausible behaviour for any Victorian housemaid as it portrays the woman's courage to defy her authority[29]. The maid can be said to represent a part of the lower class who are working towards disrupting repression and oppression in society. This representation portrays the ill-treatment of people from the lower working classes and by giving the maid a voice, the author is giving lower working-class Victorian women a chance to speak their minds and rebel. This is an opportunity that very few women had at that particular time.

The dream grants Alice an opportunity to choose her own identity and make her choices as she learns in wonderland. At the end of the adventures, she has a sense of newfound liberation and the ability to determine her life's direction and not the kind of Woman society wants her to be.

Discussion and conclusion

In this review, the theme of identity crisis in Alice in Wonderland has been explored. Reading the book from literary, Psychoanalytic and philosophical perspectives, does open up an interesting theme of self-identity and identity crisis.? Lewis Carol portrays Alice as a very innocent girl showing inconsistent behaviour of an individual who is in a transition between a child and an adult. I believe that the identity crisis as portrayed in the book is used to describe or mock the early Victorian society. Therefore, Alice is used as a symbol of Victorian society by Lewis Carroll who uses strange happenings to provoke various ideas and traditions. The journey through Wonderland confuses the young Alice as she is not able to understand how things work in the new world. This results in her losing her sense of self-identity and loses feeling of self.

The book uncovers some of the ridiculous and illogical happenings in society through Alice losing Identity. The main target of the book was the Victorian Audience and Carroll wanted to communicate what could not be said in public through literature. In the novel “Alice in Wonderland”, the creatures portray identities and traits to the young girl which she is working hard to deny thus resulting in a crisis. ?From all three aspects of psychoanalytic, philosophic and literary perspectives, we can trace a vacillation between childhood identity and a young adult as Alice tries to search for her identity. The first step into adulthood and realizing one’s self includes both psychological and physical growth into maturity all of which have been portrayed in the novel.

To conclude, we can say that in both Alice Through the Looking Glass and Alice Adventures in Wonderland, the little girl Alice is a child who desires to grow up and mature but socially she is considered a child in a grown-up’s body which results in an identity crisis.? Carroll addresses the identity crisis of the girl as she tries to conquer her personality and realize her identity in her transition from childhood to adulthood. To overcome the crisis, Alice should integrate her inner self with her mirror’s reflection.

References

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[1] Carroll, L. (2011). Alice's adventures in wonderland. Broadview Press.

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[2] Freud, S., & Bonaparte, P. M. (1954). The origins of psychoanalysis (Vol. 216). London: Imago.

[3] Skinner, J. (1947). Lewis Carroll's adventures in wonderland. American Imago, 4(4), 3-31.

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[4] Erikson, E. H. (1968). Psychoanalysis and Theories of Man. (Book Reviews: Identity: Youth and Crisis; Childhood and Society (1950)). Science, 161, 257-258.

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[5] Ross, C. E. (2017). Social causes of psychological distress. Routledge.

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[6] Erikson, E. H. (1968). Psychoanalysis and Theories of Man. (Book Reviews: Identity: Youth and Crisis; Childhood and Society (1950)). Science, 161, 257-258.

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[7] Ross, C. E. (2017). Social causes of psychological distress. Routledge.

[8] Sward, K. (1980). Self-actualization and women: Rank and Freud contrasted. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 20(2), 5-26

[9] Maslow, A. H. (1962). Some basic propositions of a growth and self-actualization psychology. Perceiving, behaving, becoming: A new focus for education, 34-49.

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[10]Suchan, J. (1978). Alice's journey from alien to artist. Children's Literature, 7(1), 78-92.

[11] Strasburger, V. C., Wilson, B. J., & Jordan, A. B. (2009). Children, adolescents, and the media. Sage.

[12] Huntemann, N., & Michael, M. (2001). Mass media and identity development. Teoksessa Singer Dorothy & Singer Jerome (toim.) Handbook of Children and the Media.

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[13] Chambers, R. (1853). Vestiges of the natural history of creation. J. Churchill.

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[14] Murphy, R. (2012). Darwin and 1860s children’s literature: Belief, myth or detritus. Journal of Literature and Science, 5, 5-21.

[15] Lovell-Smith, R. (2007). Eggs and Serpents: Natural History Reference in Lewis Carroll's Scene of Alice and the Pigeon. Children's Literature, 35(1), 27-53.

[16] Spencer, H. (1895). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). Appleton

[17] Carroll, L. (2009). Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Candlewick Press.

[18] Chambers, R. (1853). Vestiges of the natural history of creation. J. Churchill.

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[19] Trench, R. C. (1853). On the study of words... revised. John W. Parker & Son.

[20] Fearon, J. D. (1999). What is identity (as we now use the word). Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.

[21] Locke, J. (1841). An essay concerning human understanding.

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[22] Agathocleous, T., Dean, A. C., Anderson, J. H., Farris, C. R., Barricelli, J. P., Gibaldi, J., ... & Hawkins, A. R. (2010). General books and articles on teaching literary studies. Teaching Nineteenth-Century Fiction, 242.

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[23] Auerbach, N. (1973). Alice and Wonderland: A curious child. Victorian Studies, 17(1), 31-47.

[24] Carroll, Lewis. 2012 (1865). Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Class. Barnes & Noble.

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[25] Auerbach, N. (1973). Alice and Wonderland: A curious child. Victorian Studies, 17(1), 31-47.

[26] Romera, S. B. (2017). Revising Alice in Wonderland: An Analysis of Alice’s Female Subjectivity in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland.

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[27] Berghuis, A. (2015). Burton and Carroll Compared: Alice’s Identity in Novels and Film (Bachelor's thesis).

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[28] Fredrick, C., & McBride, S. (2001). Women Among the Inklings Gender, CS Lewis, JRR Tolkien, and Charles Williams.

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[29] Ren, A. (2014). A Fantasy Subverting the Woman's Image as" The Angel in the House". Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 4(10).

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