?? AI for Controlled Environment Agriculture: Vegetables & Medicinal Plants??
Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach to growing crops in enclosed environments, optimizing conditions.

?? AI for Controlled Environment Agriculture: Vegetables & Medicinal Plants??

Today, we are investigating controlled environment agriculture but not focusing on "traditional" leafy greens and fruits such as tomatoes or strawberries . We'll explore the possibilities of growing vegetables and medicinal plants. But first, let's have a quick recap of the basics for those new to this topic. If you're already familiar with controlled environment agriculture, please skip ahead to today's research paper summaries.

What is Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)?

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is a modern method of growing crops within enclosed settings (greenhouses or vertical farms) where factors like light, temperature, humidity, and nutrients are carefully controlled to optimize plant growth.

This approach allows for consistent, year-round production regardless of outdoor conditions, leading to increased yields and efficient resource use.

The most commonly grown crops in CEA include lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, cilantro, mint, tomatoes, strawberries, cucumbers, and peppers.

Inputs and outputs of controlled environment agriculture. Source:
General structure design of a plant factory. Source:
Classification of different methods of Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA). Source: Ragaveena et al., 2021


Crops like lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, tomatoes, strawberries, cucumbers, and peppers are commonly grown in controlled environment agriculture because they have high market demand, short growth cycles, and are relatively easy to cultivate in enclosed settings. Additionally, their compact growth habits make them well-suited for space-efficient CEA systems like vertical farms and greenhouses.

Speed Breeding Revolution: Enhancing Crop Development with Controlled Environment Ecosystems

Country: India ????

Published: 26 June 2024

This study focuses on optimizing speed breeding techniques within controlled environment ecosystems (CEE) to accelerate crop improvement and enhance desirable traits using advanced technologies.

The research employed controlled environment technologies such as hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaponics, and genoponics in combination with state-of-the-art imaging and machine learning techniques to monitor and optimize plant growth. Key methods include the application of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for controlled photoperiods, nutrient film techniques (NFT), and precise environmental control using sensors and artificial intelligence (AI).

The research analyzed various crops including rice, groundnut, soybean, pea, oat, sorghum, Amaranthus sp., subterranean clover, bread wheat, durum wheat, chickpea, broad bean, lentil, and Arabidopsis thaliana.

The outcomes indicate significant improvements in crop yield and quality, with LED lighting reducing the breeding cycle time by up to 50%, and enhanced nutrient management leading to a 30% increase in biomass production. The integration of AI and machine learning facilitated real-time phenotypic assessments and optimized environmental controls, crucial for high-throughput plant breeding.

Main tools/technologies

  • Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
  • Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
  • Hydroponics and Aeroponics systems
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI)
  • Machine Learning algorithms
  • Real-time sensors

Concept of Controlled Environment Ecosystem as a cutting-edge technology in speed breeding. Source: Sharma et al., 2024
Utilizing Controlled Environment Ecosystems for Crop and Microgreen Production. Source: Sharma et al., 2024


Stability of ecosystem in conventional and controlled environment agriculture systems. (a) Conventional Environment Ecosystem. (b) Controlled Environment Ecosystem. Source: Sharma et al., 2024
Diverse Models Involved in a Controlled Environment Ecosystem for Assessing Factors. Source: Sharma et al., 2024


Generation time of variety release in speed and traditional breeding. Source: Sharma et al., 2024
Impact of Diverse LED Light Spectrum on Crops Grown in a Controlled Environment Ecosystem. Source: Sharma et al., 2024
Intervention of Speed Breeding Methods in Phenotypic Traits Improvement under Controlled Environment Conditions. Source: Sharma et al., 2024
Intervention of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Crops for Traits Identifications. Source: Sharma et al., 2024
Comparison of Approximately Monetary Costs Involved in Traditional and Speed Breeding of Peanut. Source: Sharma et al., 2024

Optimizing Growth Conditions for Medicinal Plants in Controlled Environment Systems

Country: Canada ????

Published: 30 May 2024

This study reviews how controlled-environment systems, such as vertical farms, can enhance the production of medicinal plants by precisely managing environmental factors to improve consistency, concentration, and yield of bioactive phytochemicals.

Data were collected using in the mentioned controlled-environment systems. Environmental factors such as light, temperature, humidity, CO2, nutrients, and airflow were carefully regulated. Techniques included manipulating light spectra with LED lights, optimizing photosynthetic carbon assimilation, applying stress elicitation, and implementing chronoculture (alignment of cultivation practices with plant circadian rhythms). Key insights involved the strategic stacking of these methods to maximize phytochemical yields.

The key findings indicate that CES significantly enhance the consistency and concentration of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants compared to conventional methods. The study highlights improvements in phytochemical yields (e.g., a 5-10 times increase in biomass and targeted metabolite concentration for plants like St. John’s Wort) and emphasizes the potential for year-round, pesticide-free production with optimized resource use. These findings are significant for improving the quality and reliability of medicinal plant products.

The integration of non-destructive imaging technologies and machine learning algorithms can address the challenges of applying environmental control strategies in large-scale controlled-environment production by enabling precise real-time monitoring and phenotyping of plant traits, thus optimizing growth conditions and enhancing yield.

Practitioners in agricultural research, pharmaceutical industries, and controlled-environment agriculture can practically apply these findings to optimize medicinal plant production.

Main tools/technologies

  1. LED lighting systems
  2. Vertical farming setups
  3. Hydroponic cultivation systems
  4. Functional genomics techniques

Description and examples of medicinal plant products. Source: Dsouza et al., 2024


Critical quality attributes of safe, efficacious, and high-quality medicinal plants. Source: Dsouza et al., 2024
Controlled-environment plant production systems, also called vertical farms or plant factories. Images (A) and (B) courtesy of the Intravision Group, with permission. Source: Dsouza et al., 2024
Strategies for enhancing bioactive phytochemical contents in medicinal plants through environmental control and manipulation of the aerial?(AR) and root-zone?(RZ) environment in controlled-environment phyto-pharmaculture. A suite of environment factors can be optimized to enhance plant photosynthetic carbon assimilation, thereby stimulating biosynthesis of specialized metabolites (SMs). Modulating light spectra and intensity can harness photoreceptor-driven light signalling mechanisms to enhance SMs. Through elicitation, environmental stress can also be applied to induce defence responses triggering SMs. These three strategies can be timed based on circadian biology to maximize plant responsiveness. Source: Dsouza et al., 2024
Enhancing net photosynthetic carbon assimilation (NPCA) to improve specialized metabolism by balancing growth rates. (A) Environmental factors that can be optimized in combination to increase NPCA. (B) The relationship between NPCA, growth, and specialized metabolism is non-linear, with specialized metabolism surging initially but declining beyond a saturation point, highlighting the target optimization zone. Source: Dsouza et al., 2024
Optimizing elicitor dose based on the hormetic dose–response model to improve specialized metabolism as a response to elicitation. (A) Elicitors that can be optimized for elicitation in CEP. (B) Schematic of the hormetic dose–response relationship between elicitor dose and specialized metabolism, which suggests the presence of an ideal target elicitor dose within the hormetic zone of plant responses. Source: Dsouza et al., 2024
A proposed technical workflow for long-term implementation of controlled-environment phyto-pharmaculture. Medicinal plants are selected from commercially available genotypes, wild genotypes, or improved genotypes, and screened for their biochemical profiles using metabolomic techniques. The most desirable genotypes/chemotypes are selected for studies delineating the plant responses to environment treatments using functional genomic and multi-omic approaches. Co-engineering (

Advancing horizons in vegetable cultivation: a journey from ageold practices to high-tech greenhouse cultivation — a review

Country: China ????, Pakistan ????

Published: 15 April 2024

Todays final comprehensive review explores the evolution and advancements in vegetable cultivation practices, highlighting the integration of modern technologies and sustainable methods to enhance productivity and quality.

The study utilizes a wide range of methods, including traditional and modern seed treatments, precision irrigation systems, and advanced environmental control technologies. Techniques such as foliar sprays, seed priming with plant growth regulators (PGRs), and the use of biochar and coir as sustainable substrates are thoroughly examined. Specific examples were examined in the research: concentrations of GA3 and NAA were tested on onions, demonstrating significant improvements in plant height, leaf number, and bulb diameter. In pepper seeds, PGR-rich solutions improved germination and growth characteristics.

The key findings reveal that innovative methods, such as the application of GA3 and NAA at specific growth stages, significantly enhance crop attributes.

For example, onions treated with 150 mg L?1 of NAA at the three-leaf stage and 150 mg L?1 of GA3 at the seven-leaf stage showed marked improvements in growth metrics.

The study also underscores the potential of nanoencapsulation and slow-release pellets in prolonging the efficacy of PGRs, thereby enhancing crop resilience and productivity.

Farmers, agronomists, and agricultural researchers can practically apply the results of this research to optimize vegetable cultivation practices.

Main tools/technologies

  • Plant Growth Regulators (GA3 and NAA)
  • Advanced irrigation systems
  • Foliar sprays and seed priming techniques
  • Sustainable substrates (biochar, coir)
  • Nanoencapsulation and slow-release pellets

Multifaceted challenges in traditional vegetable farming: from seed quality to sustainability concerns. Source: Ahmed et al., 2024
Chronological map of transformative techniques and technologies in vegetable cultivation practices from the 1970s through the 2020s. Spanning traditional practices to cutting-edge innovations underscores the rapid evolution of vegetable farming in response to changing agricultural needs and technological advancements. Source: Ahmed et al., 2024
Revolutionizing agriculture: modern farming techniques and their multifaceted advancements for sustainable global food production. Source: Ahmed et al., 2024
This illustration encapsulates the integration of cutting-edge technologies into modern greenhouse vegetable farming. From aerial monitoring by drones to the depth of soil microbiomes, each advancement, represented by nodes, collaboratively optimizes plant growth, health, and productivity. Seamless synergy between natural processes and innovative technologies illuminates the future of sustainable and precise agriculture. Source: Ahmed et al., 2024
Sustainable practices in vegetable cultivation. Source: Ahmed et al., 2024



?? What's Next in CEA tech?

In the next edition of our newsletter, we will focus on a specific crop, grown in controlled environment agriculture and discover new ways how AI can enhance CEA farming with more accurate real-time data.

?Which crop shall we choose?

If you wish to read about specific crop - let us know in the comments below ??

??Share with relevant people to spread knowledge around.

Thank you for your time ??

Wishes of great harvests in your controlled environment systems,

Maryna Kuzmenko, Ph.D ???? , Chief CEA Insights Officer at Petiole Pro

Photo credit for the cover image: Mo et al., 2024


Read more (Paid access via Journal Publishers)

  1. Hou, J., Li, Y., Sun, Z., Wang, H., Lu, M., Hu, J., & Wu, H. (2023). A cooperative regulation method for greenhouse soil moisture and light using Gaussian curvature and machine learning algorithms. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 215, 108452. ISSN 0168-1699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.108452
  2. L. -B. Chen, G. -Z. Huang, X. -R. Huang and W. -C. Wang, "A Self-Supervised Learning-Based Intelligent Greenhouse Orchid Growth Inspection System for Precision Agriculture," in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 22, no. 24, pp. 24567-24577, 15 Dec.15, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3221960
  3. Dsouza, A., Newman, L., Graham, T., & Fraser, E. D. G. (2023). Exploring the landscape of controlled environment agriculture research: A systematic scoping review of trends and topics. Agricultural Systems, 209, 103673. ISSN 0308-521X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103673 .

A Self-Supervised Learning-Based Intelligent Greenhouse Orchid Growth Inspection System for Precision Agriculture. Source: Chen et al., 2022

References

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Zeeshan Khan

Botanical Engineer, Nursery, Form, Pest and Disease control technician

1 个月

Very Interesting ??

Iram M.Ali

?? Investor & Distributor of Cutting-Edge Hydroponic Solutions | ?? Empowering Sustainable Agriculture in UAE & KSA | ?? Reseller of Advanced Vertical Farming Systems | Global HR Manager l Hiring for BDM's UAE

3 个月

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Graeme Smith (CAg)

Chair 'Agential AI AgBio 2025'

4 个月

Further to this, an Australian colleague, Mr Rick Donnan, was the President of ISOSC (international society of soilless culture) way back in the 1990’s, who came up with a global definition of hydroponics, that read ‘a hydroponic system is one that is isolated from the ground, in a soilless system, with all it’s nutrients in the feed water’, therefore all these systems are classified as Hydroponic Systems, and as mentioned above, are typically Closed systems. Finally, in typical hydroponic systems, most plants are started from seed in some form of growing media, whether NFT, Aeroponic or substrate systems, etc therefore for me, all systems that meet the original definition above are produced in a hydroponic systems whether ultimately grown in water based or substrate based systems. n.b. so-called ‘Bioponic’ systems can be just another hydroponic or aquaponics system as it simply receives additional additives or aquatic material and does not deserve an additional classification.

Graeme Smith (CAg)

Chair 'Agential AI AgBio 2025'

4 个月

Classification of different methods of Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) I have an issue with these classifications, especially with the definition of Open or Closed systems, whereby Open systems are essentially where the nutrient rich water is not recirculated and is allowed to run to waste or sometimes used on a secondary crop. Closed systems use recycling techniques where the nutrient rich water is collected in a tank system and continuously recycled around the crop that may be treated and/or managed to maintain a target EC, pH and nutritional target. Based of these accepted definitions, hydroponics is rarely an Open system as it would waste an enormous volume of water and fertiliser, therefore the chart should show that Ebb & Flow, Deep Water Culture and Aeroponics are by definition, all Closed systems. Even Wick systems are typically Closed.

Dr Praveen Singh, The KhetibadiWala

Hydroponic Professional on a mission to spread "Health and Happiness" by enabling the urban growers to achieve their goal.......

4 个月

Maryna Kuzmenko, Ph.D ???? please refer to image depicting speed breeding, in my opinion that need to be updated. As per this image speed breeding will take around 17 years as compared to traditional breeding 9 years only. Please explain further on this... I must say the article is really full of information, congratulations on such a great information sharing...

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