Advancement in Science and Technology - Makes Progress in Treating Patients with both Brain Stroke and Bladder Cancer

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7218468/#:~:text=Recently%2C%20it%20was%20found%20that,related%20ischemic%20stroke%20(BCRIS).

"Recently, it was found that compared with the general population,?the incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with active bladder cancer was 1.9 times higher,11?indicating that bladder cancer may be an etiology of ischemic stroke, which is called bladder cancer-related ischemic stroke (BCRIS)."

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8810238/#:~:text=Trousseau%27s%20syndrome%20in%20patients%20with,had%20ischemic%20stroke%20(10).

"Trousseau's syndrome in patients with bladder cancer, most of which are transitional cell carcinoma, is considered uncommon. A recent multi-center retrospective study investigated bladder cancer-related ischemic stroke and found that approximately 1.29% of the patients with bladder cancer also had ischemic stroke (10)

Thrombophlebitis is?swelling (inflammation) of a vein. A blood clot (thrombus) in the vein can cause this swelling."

Who Discovered the treament for Brain Stroke and Bladder Cancer :-

1. Who discovered Carotid endarterectomy. Before this discovery how was brain stroke treated

https://youtu.be/LSOyenwAako

Answers from ChatGPT

The development of carotid endarterectomy as a surgical procedure for treating carotid artery disease and preventing strokes is attributed to several medical professionals who made significant contributions. While the exact discovery of carotid endarterectomy cannot be attributed to a single individual, its evolution can be traced back to various pioneers in the field of vascular surgery. Here are some key figures who played a role in advancing the treatment of carotid artery disease and strokes:

• Michael DeBakey (1908-2008): DeBakey, an American cardiovascular surgeon, is often credited with popularizing carotid endarterectomy in the 1950s. He refined the technique and demonstrated its effectiveness in preventing strokes caused by carotid artery disease.
• Charles Dotter (1920-1985): Dotter, an American radiologist, is known for his pioneering work in angioplasty. While not directly involved in carotid endarterectomy, his work in developing minimally invasive techniques for treating arterial blockages laid the foundation for future advancements in vascular interventions.
• René Leriche (1879-1955): Leriche, a French surgeon, was one of the early pioneers who advocated for the surgical treatment of carotid artery disease. He proposed the idea of removing the atherosclerotic plaque from the carotid artery to prevent strokes.

Before the development of carotid endarterectomy, the treatment options for strokes caused by carotid artery disease were limited. The focus was primarily on medical management to control risk factors and reduce the likelihood of clot formation. This involved the use of anticoagulant medications, antiplatelet drugs, and lifestyle modifications, such as diet and exercise.

In cases of severe carotid artery disease or recurrent strokes, alternative surgical procedures like ligation (tying off) of the carotid artery were sometimes performed. However, these procedures were associated with higher risks and limited effectiveness compared to carotid endarterectomy.

Carotid endarterectomy revolutionized the treatment of carotid artery disease by providing a more direct and effective means of removing plaque from the carotid artery, reducing the risk of stroke. The procedure has since become a widely accepted and effective treatment option, particularly for individuals at high risk of stroke due to significant carotid artery stenosis.

2. Before cystoscopy was discovered how did patients endured bladder cancer

Answers from ChatGPT

Before the development of cystoscopy, the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer were challenging. The lack of direct visualization of the bladder made it difficult to accurately assess the extent of the disease and determine the most appropriate treatment.

During that time, the diagnosis of bladder cancer often relied on the presence of symptoms such as blood in the urine (hematuria), urinary urgency, or pain during urination. However, these symptoms are not specific to bladder cancer and can be caused by other conditions as well.

To investigate suspected bladder cancer, other diagnostic methods were used. These included:

• Urinalysis: A urine sample would be examined for the presence of abnormal cells or blood.
• Cystotomy: This surgical procedure involved making an incision in the bladder wall to visually inspect the interior and collect tissue samples for biopsy.
• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): This imaging test used a contrast dye injected into a vein to outline the urinary system, including the bladder, on X-rays.
• Retrograde pyelogram: A contrast dye was injected through a catheter inserted into the urethra to visualize the bladder and urinary tract on X-rays.
• Biopsy: Tissue samples might be obtained through open surgery or by using instruments inserted through the urethra to collect samples from suspicious areas.

Treatment options for bladder cancer before cystoscopy relied heavily on surgery and included procedures such as:

• Open surgery: Radical cystectomy, which involved the removal of the entire bladder, surrounding lymph nodes, and sometimes nearby organs, was often performed for advanced bladder cancer.
• Transurethral resection: A surgical instrument called a resectoscope was inserted through the urethra to remove or burn away cancerous tissue.
• Radiation therapy: High-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation were used to kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Systemic chemotherapy drugs could be administered to kill cancer cells throughout the body, or intravesical chemotherapy could be instilled directly into the bladder.

It's important to note that without cystoscopy, these diagnostic and treatment methods were less precise and often resulted in more invasive procedures and potential complications. The development of cystoscopy revolutionized the field by allowing direct visualization of the bladder, precise biopsies, and targeted treatments, leading to improved outcomes for patients with bladder cancer

3. Who discovered cystoscopy?

Answers from ChatGPT

Cystoscopy was not discovered by a single individual, but rather evolved over time through the contributions of several medical professionals. The development of cystoscopy can be attributed to multiple pioneers in the field of urology. Here are some key figures who played significant roles in advancing cystoscopy:

• Maximilian Nitze (1848-1906): Nitze, a German urologist, is often credited as one of the pioneers of cystoscopy. In 1879, he introduced a cystoscope called the "Nitzesche Scheidenspiegel" (Nitze's vaginal speculum), which was a rigid tube with a light source for visualizing the interior of the bladder.
• Karl Storz (1914-1996): Storz, a German instrument maker, made important contributions to the development of cystoscopy instruments. He improved the design of the cystoscope and introduced innovations such as cold light illumination, which reduced the risk of thermal injury during the procedure.
• Hans Christian Jacobaeus (1879-1937): Jacobaeus, a Swedish surgeon, is known for his work in endoscopy. In 1910, he introduced the concept of using carbon dioxide gas to create pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopy. His work inspired advancements in endoscopic techniques, including cystoscopy.
• Josef Leiter (1882-1964): Leiter, an Austrian urologist, made significant contributions to the field of cystoscopy. In the early 20th century, he developed the "Leiter cystoscope," which incorporated a new method for distending the bladder with fluid to improve visualization.

These individuals, among others, played critical roles in the evolution and refinement of cystoscopy techniques and instruments. Their contributions laid the foundation for the modern cystoscopy procedures that are widely used today in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder conditions, including bladder cancer.

4. Statistics in USA and India

USA following are the statistics:?

The American Cancer Society’s estimates for bladder cancer in the United States for 2023 are:

• About 82,290 new cases of bladder cancer (about 62,420 in men and 19,870 in women)
• About 16,710 deaths from bladder cancer (about 12,160 in men and 4,550 in women).?

India following are the statistics:?

According to a study, in India, there were 18,921 new cases and 10,231 deaths with an incidence rate (per 105) of 2.4 and 0.7 in males and females, respectively, and mortality rates (per 105) as 1.3 and 0.3 in males and females, respectively; it is ranked 17th in incidence and 19th in mortality

Answers from ChatGPT

Thank you for providing the statistics on bladder cancer in the United States and India. These numbers help to illustrate the burden of bladder cancer in both countries.

In the United States, the American Cancer Society estimates that in 2023, there will be about 82,290 new cases of bladder cancer. Of these cases, approximately 62,420 will occur in men and 19,870 in women. Additionally, it is projected that there will be about 16,710 deaths from bladder cancer, with approximately 12,160 in men and 4,550 in women.

In India, the statistics indicate that in a given year, there were 18,921 new cases of bladder cancer and 10,231 deaths attributed to the disease. The incidence rate per 105 individuals is reported as 2.4 in males and 0.7 in females, while the mortality rates per 105 individuals are 1.3 in males and 0.3 in females. These numbers position India as the 17th highest in terms of incidence and the 19th highest in terms of mortality for bladder cancer.

These statistics emphasize the importance of awareness, early detection, and access to appropriate healthcare services for bladder cancer. Efforts to reduce risk factors, promote healthy lifestyles, and improve diagnostic and treatment options can contribute to better outcomes for individuals affected by bladder cancer in both countries.

5. "What causes neurogenic bladder?

https://surgery.wustl.edu/neurogenic-bladder-common-causes/

Neurogenic bladder is very common. Millions of people experience symptoms, such as leaking, frequent urination or difficulty urinating, every year. People with neurogenic bladder can be of any age, and both children and adults deal with neurogenic bladder. Neurogenic bladder can be caused by genetic nerve problems, direct nerve damage and other medical conditions."