IS THERE ADIABATIC COOLING IN SPACE?
We all hear that the universe was hot, and later, it cooled because of expansion. That is called adiabatic cooling.
The reasoning behind it is that the universe is a closed system (it is not, but there isn't anything outside to exchange energy with). For adiabatic cooling to take place, there should be thermal equilibrium.
We know that atoms are very far away from each other in space, and they might have very low temperatures (low velocity). You can calculate the time between collisions, which can be millions of years.
In other words, the universe doesn't allow for thermal equilibrium.
The Hypergeometrical Universe Theory (HU) provides a simpler solution to this problem, the same one it uses to explain why galaxies are like dots on an expanding balloon.
Notice that the gas temperature has to cool down before galaxies are formed. This means that if you can explain the cooling, you can explain galaxy formation.
The straight line in a 4D spatial manifold represents the inertial motion of a hot hydrogen gas. The absolute Velocity decreases with motion, as can be seen by examining the angle between the trajectory and the radial direction.
This explains why gases cool down as the universe expands. It has nothing to do with the stretching of space. Once the gases coalesced on their "Hubble Points," galaxies could form.
So, this explains why galaxies (ALL OF THEM) are like dots on an expanding balloon.
So, scientists who know less than I know will say words like: "Adiabatic Expansion" and "Charle's Law,"... but that is wrong.
By the way, I used this model to find the time when galaxies started forming after the "Surface of Last Scattering - the one that originates the Cosmic Microwave Background."
Below is a well-written answer to the question. I taught ChatGPT everything she knows... :)
Adiabatic Cooling in Space: A Misapplied Concept?
It is often stated that gases in space cool due to adiabatic expansion, with Charles’s Law frequently cited as an explanation. This analogy typically references the cooling effect observed when compressed gas is released from a container, as seen in an aerosol can. However, this explanation is incorrect in the context of astrophysics.
Objection: Why Charles’s Law is Inapplicable in Space
Charles’s Law (V ∝ T) assumes a gas expanding within a confining container at constant pressure. In space, however:
A more appropriate framework for understanding cooling in space involves dynamics rather than thermodynamics.
HU’s Solution: Kinematic Cooling via Inertial Motion in 4D
The Hypergeometrical Universe (HU) Theory provides a new explanation for gas cooling in space—one based on kinematics instead of thermodynamics. In HU:
Thus, gas cools due to inertial motion and velocity reduction, not adiabatic expansion. All atoms undergoing this process eventually coalesce on the Hubble Point within the hypersphere. This mechanism does not require a thermodynamic interpretation—it emerges purely from the geometry of motion in 4D space.
Further Reading and References
For a deeper understanding of HU’s kinematic approach to cosmology, see:
?? SSRN Abstracts ?? HU - The Big Pop Cosmogenesis ?? The Hypergeometrical Universe
?? Docker Image ?? docker pull ny2292000/hu_galaxy_package
?? GitHub Repositories ?? CMB_HU ?? HU_GalaxyPackage ?? HU_Papers ?? DataSupernovaLBLgov
This kinematic cooling mechanism challenges traditional interpretations of cosmic gas behavior and provides a new perspective on galactic dynamics and cosmic structure formation.