Adapting to the Impact of Heatwaves in Dubai: Strategies for Urban Sustainability

1. Introduction

This report aims to provide the local authorities in Dubai with strategic recommendations to adapt to the impacts of heatwaves, thereby enhancing urban sustainability. Dubai, known for its rapid urbanisation and economic growth, faces significant challenges due to its hot desert climate. As the frequency and intensity of heatwaves are expected to increase (‘UAE Third Update of Second NDC’, 2023)Implementing effective measures to reduce their adverse effects on public health, infrastructure, and the environment is crucial. This report combines technical solutions, behavioural changes, and policy interventions to create a more resilient and sustainable urban environment.

The report is organised into two key sections to facilitate a clear understanding of the proposed strategies. Section 2, Making the Case, provides an overview of the challenges posed by heatwaves in Dubai and the existing efforts of local authorities in tackling these impacts. Section 3, Proposal, presents a structured approach to reducing the impact of heatwaves in Dubai through Urban Environment Adaptations and Behavioural Adaptations, emphasising the roles of individuals (I), communities (We), and authorities (They).

2. Making the Case

2.1. Urban Sustainability of Cities: A Focus on Dubai

Cities play a crucial role in promoting sustainability. As centres of economic activity, innovation, and cultural exchange, urban areas are uniquely positioned to lead the charge in implementing sustainable practices. Urban sustainability involves creating liveable, resilient, and environmentally friendly cities that meet the needs of their residents while minimising environmental impacts. This includes efficient resource management, reducing carbon footprints, enhancing green spaces, and promoting renewable energy sources. (Blackmore et al., 2024).

Dubai, situated on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Gulf, is the largest city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). According to (Dubai Data and Statistics Establishment, 2023), Dubai spans an area of approximately 4,114 square kilometres. Dubai has transformed from a modest desert settlement with an estimated population of 10,000 in 1900 to a thriving megacity. According to data from the Dubai Statistics Centre and the Ministry of Economy, the population has grown significantly, reaching over 3.65 million people by 2023. This remarkable growth is depicted in Figure 3, which illustrates the steady increase in Dubai’s population from 1975 to 2023. Additionally, Dubai attracts between 8 to 10 million visitors annually, solidifying its status as one of the most cosmopolitan cities globally. The rapid urban development and significant population increase underscore Dubai’s importance as a central regional economic and cultural hub.

2.2. Severity of Heatwave Impacts in Dubai

The severity of heatwaves in Dubai depends on various environmental factors. As such, the following environmental factors should be studied:

· Extreme Temperatures and High Humidity

· Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI)

· Ari-Quality: Proximity to Desert and Rapid construction

2.2.1. Extreme Temperatures and High Humidity

Dubai has experienced a substantial increase in temperature over the past century, leading to several intense heatwaves in recent years. For instance, in June 2021, temperatures soared to over 50°C, significantly impacting daily life and increasing the demand for cooling services. (Mohammed et al., 2024). Figure 1 shows the average temperature anomalies in the UAE, indicating a significant warming trend of 1.8°C from 1900 to 2020.

High wet bulb temperatures (WBT) in Dubai compound the severity of the heatwaves. WBT is a measure of heat stress that combines air temperature and humidity, representing the lowest temperature that can be reached through evaporative cooling. It is significant because it directly affects human health and comfort; high WBT values can severely limit the body’s ability to cool itself, leading to dangerous health conditions. Figure 2 illustrates the WBT map of the UAE on August 8, 2019, showing notably higher WBT values along the coast, including Dubai. This indicates that proximity to the Gulf exacerbates the impact of heatwaves during summer months. The high WBT values in coastal areas highlight the combined effects of heat and humidity, making heatwaves even more dangerous. (Bolleter et al., 2021).

2.2.2. Urban Heat Island Effect (UHI)

The urban heat island (UHI) effect further intensifies the high temperatures during heatwaves. Urban areas’ concentration of buildings, roads, and infrastructure retains heat, particularly in densely built environments with limited vegetation. This retained heat exacerbates the already high temperatures experienced during heatwaves. The lack of green spaces and reflective surfaces means that heat absorbed during the day is slowly released at night, keeping urban areas warmer than their rural counterparts. (Blackmore et al., 2024). This continuous heat retention leads to higher energy consumption as residents rely heavily on air conditioning to maintain indoor comfort. (Mohammed et al., 2024).

2.2.3. Ari-Quality: Proximity to Desert and Rapid Construction

Air quality is also an influential factor in heatwave severity. (Blackmore et al., 2024). As such, high levels of dust and particulate matter (PM?? and PM??), exacerbated by frequent dust storms, degrade air quality and lead to respiratory issues. (Hachim et al., 2021). Rapid construction activities add to pollution with cement dust, worsening natural dust levels and trapping heat and pollutants. This combination of factors creates a microclimate that intensifies heatwave effects, making it crucial for Dubai to implement adaptive measures to ensure long-term resilience. (Bolleter et al., 2021).

2.3. Vulnerable Sections of Society

Certain groups in society are more vulnerable to the impacts of heatwaves, including the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and those with preexisting health conditions. (Blackmore et al., 2024). These groups are at higher risk due to their limited ability to cope with extreme heat. Elderly individuals and those with chronic illnesses are more susceptible to heat-related illnesses, while children and outdoor workers face increased exposure to high temperatures. Ensuring targeted interventions and support for these vulnerable populations is essential in mitigating the health impacts of heatwaves. (Hachim et al., 2021).

The population distribution in Dubai from 2005 to 2023 further emphasises the need for focused heatwave mitigation strategies. The table shows significant growth in both the young and elderly populations. Specifically, the population of individuals under 19 has increased from 203,552 in 2005 to 661,794 in 2023. Similarly, the population of those aged 50 and above has risen dramatically, from 78,206 in 2005 to 318,888 in 2023 (Dubai Data and Statistics Establishment, 2023).

2.4. Role of Local Authority

Dubai’s local authority, the Dubai Municipality, plays a crucial role in promoting sustainability and mitigating the impacts of heatwaves through comprehensive planning, policy implementation, and community engagement. Aligning with the UAE Vision 2021 and the Dubai Plan 2021, the municipality translates leadership vision into actionable policies and initiatives that promote sustainable urban development. The municipality oversees infrastructure design, planning, and construction, ensuring urban development meets sustainability goals. (Dubai Government, 2023).

Initiatives and Efforts: (Dubai Goverement, 2023)

· Implementing the Dubai Green Building Regulations and energy and water efficiency specifications.

· Development of the Dubai Integrated Energy Strategy 2030 to diversify energy sources and enhance efficiency.

· Expansion of solar power generation, including projects like the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park.

· Public awareness and education campaigns on the dangers of heatwaves and safety guidelines.

3. Proposal

This section aims to provide a structured approach to reducing the impact of heat waves in Dubai. The proposal is divided into two main sections: Urban Environment Adaptations and Behavioural Adaptations. Each section includes detailed recommendations, implementation strategies, targeted groups, and geographical areas.

The first section, Urban Environment Adaptations, focuses on physical changes to the urban landscape, such as increasing green spaces, implementing cool roofs, and enhancing urban planning for better airflow. These measures aim to directly reduce the ambient temperatures and mitigate the urban heat island effect. Each recommendation is presented with a logical sequence of actions, starting with identifying suitable locations and moving towards implementation and maintenance.

The second section, Behavioural Adaptations, emphasises the importance of community engagement and education. It includes public awareness campaigns and the establishment of community cooling centres. These measures aim to prepare the public for heat waves and provide immediate relief during extreme heat events. The recommendations in this section also follow a logical sequence, from developing informational materials to promoting and using cooling centres.

3.1. Urban Environment Adaptations

3.3. Anticipated Benefits and Possible Disadvantages

3.3.1. Anticipated Benefits

The recommendations outlined in this report are expected to provide numerous benefits in reducing the impact of heat waves in Dubai:

· Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect: Increasing green spaces and the urban tree canopy will provide shade, enhance evapotranspiration, and cool the ambient temperatures, mitigating the urban heat island effect. This will lead to more comfortable outdoor environments and lower overall city temperatures (Blackmore et al., 2024).

· Lower Energy Consumption: Implementing cool roofs and reflective building materials will reduce the amount of heat absorbed by buildings, decreasing the need for air conditioning. This will result in significant energy savings and lower utility bills for residents and businesses (Almasri, 2024).

· Improved Air Quality: Enhancing green spaces and implementing urban planning for better airflow will improve air quality by filtering pollutants and reducing ground-level ozone concentration and particulate matter. This will benefit public health, particularly for those with respiratory conditions (Taleb and Kayed, 2021).

· Enhanced Public Health and Safety: Establishing community cooling centres and conducting public awareness campaigns will provide immediate relief during heat waves and educate residents on protecting themselves from extreme heat. This will reduce heat-related illnesses and fatalities, especially among vulnerable populations (Mohammed et al., 2024).

· Increased Community Engagement: The emphasis on community-led initiatives and public participation will foster a sense of community and shared responsibility. This collective effort will enhance social cohesion and resilience against heat waves and other climate-related challenges (‘UAE Third Update of Second NDC’, 2023).

3.3.2. Possible Disadvantages

While the recommendations offer significant benefits, there are also potential disadvantages that need to be considered:

· Initial Costs: Implementing green spaces, cool roofs, and reflective materials requires substantial initial investment. Funding these projects may strain local government budgets and necessitate financial support or incentives for property owners.

· Maintenance Requirements: Green spaces and urban trees require ongoing maintenance, including watering, pruning, and pest control. Ensuring the sustainability of these projects will demand continuous resources and community involvement.

· Aesthetic Concerns: Some residents and businesses may resist the use of cool roofs and reflective materials due to aesthetic preferences. They might perceive these changes as unattractive.

· Logistical Challenges: Establishing and maintaining community cooling centres can be logistically challenging, particularly in densely populated areas. Ensuring accessibility and adequate facilities for all residents may require careful planning and coordination.

· Behavioural Change Resistance: Encouraging individuals and communities to adopt new behaviours and participate in public awareness campaigns may encounter resistance. Overcoming habitual behaviours and fostering widespread engagement will require persistent efforts and effective communication strategies (Blackmore et al., 2024).

3.4. Implementation with Stakeholders (I-We-They)

· Individual Level (I)

At the individual level, residents of Dubai play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of heat waves through personal actions and behavioural changes. For example, individuals can contribute by adopting simple yet effective measures such as planting trees and maintaining small gardens in their properties to enhance greenery and reduce the urban heat island effect. Furthermore, residents can install cool roofs or reflective materials in their homes, significantly reducing indoor temperatures and energy consumption for cooling. Public awareness campaigns will also encourage individuals to stay informed about heatwave preparedness, ensuring they take necessary precautions during extreme heat events, such as staying hydrated, avoiding outdoor activities during peak heat, and using reflective window coverings. Individuals can directly contribute to a cooler and more resilient urban environment by taking these proactive steps.

· Community Level (We)

At the community level, collective efforts are essential to implement larger-scale adaptations that benefit entire neighbourhoods. Community organisations and local groups can spearhead initiatives to increase green spaces, such as creating community gardens and parks that provide shade and reduce ambient temperatures. These organisations can also facilitate public awareness campaigns by hosting workshops and distributing informational materials to educate residents on heatwave preparedness and adaptive behaviours. Establishing community cooling centres in public buildings like libraries and community centres is another vital initiative that requires community collaboration. These centres provide a safe refuge for vulnerable populations during heat waves, offering immediate relief and fostering a sense of community support. By working together, communities can amplify their impact and build a more resilient environment to withstand extreme heat events.

· City/Town Authority Level (They)

At the city or town authority level, the local government is responsible and capable of implementing broad and impactful measures to combat heat waves. Authorities can update building codes to mandate the use of cool roofs and reflective materials in all new constructions and provide incentives for retrofitting existing buildings. Urban planning strategies should include designing ventilation corridors and positioning buildings to enhance natural airflow, reducing heat retention in densely built areas. The local government can also allocate resources for developing and maintaining green spaces, ensuring these projects are sustainable and effective. Furthermore, city authorities can coordinate and fund public awareness campaigns and cooling centres, ensuring these initiatives reach all residents, especially vulnerable groups. By taking a leading role, the local government can ensure a cohesive and comprehensive approach to mitigating the impact of heat waves, fostering a resilient and sustainable urban environment for all.

4. Conclusion

This report aims to provide Dubai’s local authorities with strategic recommendations for adapting to the impacts of heat waves, thereby enhancing urban sustainability. Given Dubai’s rapid urbanisation and hot desert climate, adequate measures are crucial to mitigate the adverse effects of heat waves on public health, infrastructure, and the environment. This report comprehensively combines technical solutions, behavioural changes, and policy interventions to create a more resilient and sustainable urban environment.

Dubai faces significant challenges in promoting urban sustainability, particularly in managing the impacts of heat waves. The city’s extreme temperatures and high humidity levels, exacerbated by the urban heat island (UHI) effect, pose severe risks to public health and increase energy consumption. Additionally, air quality issues due to frequent dust storms and rapid construction activities further intensify the heatwave effects. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and those with preexisting health conditions, are at higher risk. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach targeting environmental and behavioural adaptations.

The proposal outlined in this report is divided into two main sections: Urban Environment Adaptations and Behavioural Adaptations. The Urban Environment Adaptations include increasing green spaces and the urban tree canopy, implementing cool roofs and reflective building materials, and designing urban layouts for better airflow. These measures aim to reduce ambient temperatures and mitigate the urban heat island effect through physical changes to the urban landscape. The Behavioural Adaptations emphasise community engagement and education, including public awareness campaigns and the establishment of community cooling centres, to prepare the public for heat waves and provide immediate relief during extreme heat events.

In conclusion, implementing these strategic recommendations, involving individual, community, and city authority actions, can significantly improve Dubai’s resilience to heat waves. The coordinated efforts from various stakeholders will ensure a comprehensive and sustainable approach to managing heat waves, fostering a more liveable and sustainable urban environment. By increasing green spaces, implementing cool roofs, enhancing urban planning for airflow, educating the public, and establishing cooling centres, Dubai can create a more resilient and sustainable city capable of withstanding the increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves.

5. References

Almasri, A.H. (2024) ‘Smarter Window Selection for Smarter Energy Consumption: The Case of the United Arab Emirates’, Buildings, 14(4), p. 876. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040876.

Blackmore, R. et al. (2024) Block 6: Cities and towns. The Open University.

Bolleter, J. et al. (2021) ‘Wet-bulb Temperature and Sea-level Rise in the United Arab Emirates — Planning Responses’, Planning Practice & Research, 36(4), pp. 408–429. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2020.1859199.

Dubai Data and Statistics Establishment (2023) ‘Population by Gender and Age Groups — Emirate of Dubai’. Dubai Data and Statistics Establishment.

Dubai Government, D. (2023) DEWA Sustainability Report.

Grant, B. (2023) ‘Aerial timelapse, created by Daily Overview’s Benjamin Grant, effectively illustrates the region’s transformation from 1985 to 2000.’

Hachim, M.Y. et al. (2021) ‘Higher Temperatures, Higher Solar Radiation, and Less Humidity Is Associated With Poor Clinical and Laboratory Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients’, Frontiers in Public Health, 9, p. 618828. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.618828.

Mohammed, A. et al. (2024) ‘On the cooling energy impacts of combined urban heat mitigation strategies in subtropical urban building environment’, Energy and Buildings, 309, p. 113918. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.113918.

Taleb, H.M. and Kayed, M. (2021) ‘Applying porous trees as a windbreak to lower desert dust concentration: Case study of an urban community in Dubai’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 57, p. 126915. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126915.

‘UAE Third Update of Second NDC’ (2023). Ministry of Climate Change. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2023-07/Third%20Update%20of%20Second%20NDC%20for%20the%20UAE_v15.pdf.