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Antibiotics are classified based on various criteria, including their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and clinical uses.

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??????????????????????: This class includes antibiotics like penicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. Penicillins work by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls.

????????????????????????????: Cephalosporins, such as cephalexin and ceftriaxone, are structurally related to penicillins. They also target bacterial cell wall synthesis but have a broader spectrum of activity against different types of bacteria.

????????????????????: Macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin, work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They are often used to treat respiratory tract infections, as well as some sexually transmitted infections.

??????????????????????????: Tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline are examples of tetracycline antibiotics. They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are commonly used to treat a wide range of infections, including acne, respiratory tract infections, and sexually transmitted diseases.

????????????????????????????????: This class includes antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Fluoroquinolones act by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for bacterial DNA replication and repair. They are often used to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and some types of skin infections.

???????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????: These antibiotics inhibit different steps in the bacterial folic acid synthesis pathway. Examples include sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, as well as the combination drug co-trimoxazole. They are used to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and certain types of diarrhea.

??????????????????????????????: Aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin and amikacin, interfere with bacterial protein synthesis. They are usually reserved for serious infections and are commonly administered intravenously.

??????????????????????: Carbapenems, including imipenem and meropenem, are broad-spectrum antibiotics with activity against a wide range of bacteria. They are often used to treat severe infections when other antibiotics may not be effective.

??????????????????????????: Glycopeptide antibiotics, such as vancomycin and teicoplanin, work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. They are primarily used to treat infections caused by certain types of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).