ACHIEVING A JUST ENERGY TRANSITION FOR AFRICA

INTRODUCTION

Despite contributing only 4% of greenhouse gas emissions, Africa is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which can lead to more severe natural disasters. The pressing need for funding in both climate mitigation and adaptation is highlighted by the fact that 600 million Africans lack access to electricity, and the population is expected to double by 2050.

Fortunately, Africa possesses vast natural resources, including rare metals and traditional resources such as oil and gas. With proper management, these resources can support economic development and job creation, while also promoting climate change adaptation and the energy transition. Additionally, Africa has significant renewable energy potential, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, and geothermal energy, which can meet the continent's energy needs if fully harnessed.

In addition, Africa has the potential to produce green hydrogen, a clean energy source that can drive economic growth and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, balancing responsible resource use with climate action is crucial.

It is essential to support Africa's energy transition efforts with adequate financing, ensuring that the continent can develop independently, while also addressing climate change. These goals are not mutually exclusive, and proper investment can help Africa achieve sustainable development, while minimizing its impact on the environment.

Just Energy Transition in Africa

The ongoing energy transition in Africa is a crucial process marked by a shift from traditional and fossil fuel-based energy sources to cleaner and more sustainable alternatives. This transition is driven by a confluence of factors, including the urgent need to improve energy access, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote economic development across the continent. Of particular significance is the increasing focus on renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power. The abundance of sunlight in Africa has made solar energy a particularly attractive option, as it offers a reliable source of electricity.

The concept of a "just transition" initially emerged as a way to support workers affected by environmental policies within the trade union movement. However, over time, this idea has transformed into a more comprehensive initiative aimed at promoting sustainable, inclusive, and climate-resilient economies. The precise definition of a just transition, however, varies significantly depending on the context in which it is implemented. For instance, what constitutes a fair transition in Australia, which has several coal mines, is very different from Angola, which heavily relies on oil production, or the Netherlands, with its extensive livestock farming industry.

In Africa, the idea of a just transition presents an opportunity for unique potential. Due to the continent's distinct energy and development requirements, it can create its interpretation of a fair transition, albeit the lack of a clear definition of the concept of a just transition and metrics to measure success. Many international investors are increasingly interested in supporting just transition programs in Africa. However, there is a significant challenge due to the vagueness of the concept and the lack of existing parameters to benchmark and measure success.

To address this issue, the African Development Bank launched a consultation in 2021 aimed at creating a framework for defining just transitions in Africa. This framework emphasizes low-carbon development with a focus on eliminating energy poverty, promoting economic growth, building institutions, and developing a suitably skilled workforce. The Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) in South Africa and a similar initiative in Senegal provide models for financing country-tailored transitions.

To secure the necessary funding, African nations must look beyond such partnerships. Increasing climate finance for adaptation and resilience is crucial, as many African countries currently allocate significant resources to cope with climate impacts. Additionally, addressing the continent's debt challenges is essential to create fiscal space for just transitions.

Africa's journey towards a just transition is only beginning, and cooperation among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers across the continent is crucial.

Africa's unique circumstances, limited contributions to climate change, and the need to strengthen the links between climate and development, demands bespoke approaches. By making the "just transition" an African issue and sharing experiences and knowledge, the continent can contribute to the global transition towards clean and inclusive economies.

Mechanisms to achieve a Just Energy Transition across Africa

1. To promote the expansion of renewable energy, it is crucial to establish and enforce policy and regulatory frameworks. These frameworks provide a secure environment for investors and project developers, and offer incentives to facilitate growth.[1]
2. Expanding access to energy in rural and underserved areas not only improves living standards, healthcare, and education, but also promotes economic growth. This initiative aligns with commitments to enhancing the well-being of underprivileged communities.[2]
3. To mitigate the environmental impact of energy consumption, it is essential to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. A sustainable approach is to transition towards renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power. This shift would not only reduce the carbon footprint, but will also promote sustainable development and support the global effort to combat climate change.[3]
4. Modernize and expand the electrical grid infrastructure to reach remote areas, improve grid reliability, and accommodate the growing share of renewable energy in the energy mix.[4]
5. One potential solution for improving energy access in remote and off-grid communities is the development of mini-grids and off-grid solutions utilizing small-scale solar or wind systems. This approach would provide localized power, which could help to address energy needs in areas that are currently underserved by traditional power grids.[5]
6. Build a workforce equipped with the necessary expertise for the renewable energy sector by training technicians, engineers, and other professionals to support the industry's growth and sustainability.[6]

Conclusion

Africa is currently at a crucial point in its efforts to transition to a more sustainable and equitable energy system. Given the continent's unique circumstances, it has the potential to chart a course towards sustainable development, while minimizing its impact on the environment. To achieve this, African nations must prioritize the establishment and enforcement of policies and regulations that support renewable energy, expand access to energy in underprivileged areas, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, modernize the power grid, and invest in workforce development.

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[1] A just transition to renewable energy in?Africa https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/november-2022/just-transition-renewable-energy-%C2%A0africa

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[2] Ibid.

[3] AFRICA’S JUST ENERGY TRANSITION A PRIORITY AS THE WORLD MOVES TOWARD DECARBONIZATION https://www.undp.org/africa/news/africas-just-energy-transition-priority-world-moves-toward-decarbonization

[4] Factsheet: Eskom Just Energy Transition Project in South Africa https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2023/06/05/factsheet-eskom-just-energy-transition-project-in-afe-south-africa

[5] Ibid.

[6] Ibid.