A29- Reference Books for Transformer Engineers- Part 2

We covered in the last part, major books on transformer accessories and CIGRE Technical Brochures useful to transformer engineers. This week we will review books on heating & cooling. CFD (computational fluid dynamics), Dielectric, electrodynamics, electromagnetics, Publications from EPRI, and books for oil seal joint design.

Cooling

Heating and cooling are major aspects for transformer engineers to be well versed with. For normal design work, Blume or Karsai will be sufficient. But for those, pursuing R& D work or optimisation, the following books will be useful. Max Jacobs (1879-1955), the German Physicist, is the most well-known authority on thermal science and his classic texts were quite popular. Today Holman (1986) & Patankar (1980) are the titles, quite often referred to.

1942

M.Jakobs, Elements of Heat Transfer and Insulation ed2.0 1950

1956

M.Jacobs, Heat Transfer

1964

W.M.Rohsenow, Heat and Mass Transfer, 1964

1980

S.V.Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid flow, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York

Olson, R.M, Essentials of Engineering Fluid Mechanics, ed4.0.Harper &Row Publishers, New York

Kreith,F, Black,W.Z, Basic Heat Transfer, Harper &Row Publishers, New York

1984

A.Bejan, Convection Heat Transfer, John Wiley &Sons, New York, 1984

1985

Rohsenow,W.M, J.P. Harnet, E.N.Ganic, Handbook of Heat Transfer Fundamentals,ed2.0 .McGraw Hill,NewYork

1986

J.P.Holman, Heat Transfer, Mac Graw Hill, ed6.0, 1986

 1995

W. M. Keys, M E Crawford, Convective heat and mass transfer, Mac Graw Hill, 1995

2008   

John H. Lienhard, A Heat Transfer Book ed3.0, 2008

 Computational Fluid Dynamics

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) as a science was developed in 1950s and became useful during the past 30 years, in understanding and improving convectional cooling of transformer windings. The physical aspects of oil flow (air flow in case of dry type transformers) through the cooling ducts of transformer windings and coolers are governed by three fundamental principles; (1) mass is conserved;(2) F=ma (Newton’s law; and (3) energy is conserved. These fundamental principles can be expressed in terms of mathematical equations, usually partial differential equations. CFD is the art of replacing above differential equations of fluid flow with numbers using high speed computers and complex software. These numbers are used in space and/or time to obtain the final numerical description of fluid flow through the cooling ducts of windings and coolers to determine the  resulting local temperatures and hot spots.

1992

John F. Wendt (ed), Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction, Springer ed1.0 1992; ed2.0 1996; ed3.0, Pages 330, 2009

1995

John David Anderson, Computational Fluid Dynamics-The basics with Applications, 1995 (good rating)

John C. Tannehill, Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer (good rating)

Design

1961

American Management association, Optimum use of Engineering Talent,1961; Indian Edition, D.B. Taraporevala Sons, Bombay, Pages 416, 1969

1992

Thomas A. Hunter, Engineering Design for Safety, McGraw-Hill, Inc, Pages 298, 1992

1999

Kay Hameyer, Ronnie Belmans, Numerical Modelling and Design of Electrical Machines and Devices, WIT Press, Southampton, Boston, Pages 305, 1999

2005

Kalyanmoy Deb, Optimization for Engineering Design, Prentice Hall of India, Ltd, Pages 381,2005

 Dielectric

Weidman, Switzerland had published two volumes on Transformer insulation, titled Transformer Board Vol.1&2 (in 1979 & 1987). Transformer designers cannot miss these volumes that contain solid insulation data and application guidance in a tutorial format. Doble tutorial of 2004 is a comprehensive volume on Dielectric Theory. 

1915

F.W. Peek Jr, Dielectric Phenomena in High Voltage Engineering, ed1.0,1915, ed3.0,1929

1939

R. Strigel, Electric Impulse Strength, Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany1939

1954

Willis Jackson, The insulation of electrical equipment, Chapman &Hall Ltd, London

1975

B. Tareev, Physics of Dielectric Materials, Mir Publishers, Moscow, Pages 270, 1975

1979

H.P.Moser,V. Dahinden, Transformer Board -I ,Weidman Rapperswil,Switzerland,1979

1987

R.Bartikas, (Editor) Engineering Dielectrics –ASTM STP 926  vol. II Electrical Properties of Solid Insulating Materials: Molecular structure and Electrical Behaviour, Philadelphia, ASTM, 1987

H.P.Moser, V. Dahinden, Transformer Board- II, Weidmann, Rapperswil, Switzerland, 1987

1995

Ravindra Arora, Wolfgang Mosch, High Voltage Insulation Engineering, New Age International (P) Ltd, Pages 290,1995

2004

Doble Engineering, Dielectric Theory and Practice ed7.0, Pages 356, 2004

2008

Ahmed Shahsiah, Mass Transfer in Electrical Insulation of Power Transformers –modelling migration characteristic gases between solid and liquid insulations, VDM Verlang Dr Muller, Pages 114, 2008

R.E. James, Q. Su, Condition Assessment of HV Insulation in Power system Equipment, The Institution of Engineering and Technology ,2008

2009

Yanqing Du, Measurements and modelling of moisture in Transformer Insulation, VDM Verlang Dr Muller, Pages 316,2009

2015

Sivaji Chakravarti, Electric Field Analysis, CRC Press, Pages 568, 2015

Electrodynamics

To deal with the modern theory of electrical engineering,  transformer R &D engineers must be good in mathematics as well as electrical engineering. They should be well versed in the physical phenomena of electromagnetism and apply this knowledge in further development of transformer engineering. One such area, especially important for research, development, and design engineers is the applied, macroscopic Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic fields. Engineering electrodynamics tries to apply such advanced theories in to practical applications in industry. (Refer the titles under Maxwell Equations, covered in next part of this series)

Electrodynamics is the science, describing the motion of matter (ie fields, energy, charges, bodies, and media) under the influence of forces acting in electric and magnetic fields. Engineering electrodynamics is the science of the practical industrial application of classical electrodynamics and physics.

The following two books should be there with transformer engineers who work in R &D of transformers. Book by J. Turowski will be especially useful for transformer engineers.

 2012

David J Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, ed4.0, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd, Pages 597, 2012

2014

Janusz Turowski, Engineering Electrodynamics-Electric Machine, Transformer, and Power Equipment design, CRC Press, Pages 568, 2014

 Electromagnetism

1929

B. Hague, Electromagnetic Problems in Electrical Engineering, Oxford University Press, London, 1929

1948

W.B. Boast, Principles of Magnetic and Electric Fields, Harper &Brothers, New York, 1948

1950

Weber, E, Electromagnetic Fields –Vol 1, John Wiley, 1950

1962

G W Carter, The Electromagnetic field in its engineering aspects, Longmans, London, 1962

1974

Richard Stoll, Eddy Currents, Clarendon Press, Oxford, Pages128,1974

1979

J.A. Edminister, Electromagnetics, Schum’s outlines, Macgraw-Hill,Ed1993 , Ed2.0 Indian Edition, McGraw-Hill,2006

1983

K. Polivanov, The Theory of Electromagnetic Field, Mir Publishers, Moscow, Pages 271, 1983

2000

M V K Chari, S J Nelson, Numerical Methods in electromagnetism, New York, 2000

A.B.J. Recee, T.W, Preston, Finite Element Methods in Electric Power Engineering, Oxford University Press, Oxford,2000.

2003

Joa Pedro A Bastos, Nelson Sadowski, Electromagnetic Modelling by FEM, Marcel Deckker, 2003

2012

William H. Hayt, John A. Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Ed8.0 Pages 593,2012 -ed7.0Pages 582, 2005

2016

Jose R Cardoso, Electromagnetics through the Finite Element Method: A simplified approach using Maxwell’s Equations, Pages 198, CRC Press, 2016

EPRI

EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) conducts researches and development projects on Electric Power and Utilization for the benefit of society, with headquarters at Palo Alto, California, USA. www.epri.com . They normally undertake work under sponsorships of utilities/manufacturers and the reports remain accessible only to sponsors for a limited period. After that period, all can access them.

There are hundreds of reports (running few pages to more than 1000 pages) on various aspects of Electric Power. Some typical titles, relevant to transformers are included below:

 1)  1995- Static Electrification in Transformers TR-105019

2)   1998- Power Plant Electrical Reference series No. EL-5036 in 17 volumes; Vol 2 covers Power Transformers

3)   2002- Power Transformer Maintenance and Application Guide, Tr-1002913

4)   2006- OLTC Management -EPRI 1012350

5)   2006- Copper Sulphide Corrosion – EPRI 1012353

6)   2007- Transformer Replacement strategy, TR-1015077

7)   12024199-Transformer root cause analysis (now part of Transformer Book)

8)   3002007754- Power Transformer Book

9)   1023060-Substation Life Extension Guide

10) Guide lines for Applications and analysis of Transformer IDB-Data and models,2008

 General

The books on gaskets and seals (1974, 1996 &2007) will be helpful for transformer engineers designing tank and joints. Another document for designing oil seal joints is the Parker O-ring Handbook, published by Parker Hannifin Corporation, a leading oil seal manufacturer. www.parkerorings.com.

Designers of Generator Transformers should have a fair knowledge on bus ducts used for connecting transformer to generator terminals. CBIP Publication No 303 (2007) will be helpful for the study of isolated busducts.

Johannes Schaeffer, Rectifier theory, practice and circuits

1935

F.B.Seely, Resistance of Materials, ed2.0, John Wiley &Sons Inc, New York,1935

1974

Geoffrey L. Kulak, John W. Fisher, John H. A. Strucik, Guide to Design Criteria for Bolted and Riveted Joints, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc, ed1.0 1974, ed2.0 Pages 333,1987

1996

Czernik, Daniel E, Gaskets: Design, selection, testing, Mac Graw Hill, New York, 1996.

2007

CBIP Publication No.303, Manual on Busduct, CBIP, New Delhi, Pages 230,2007

Robert Flitney, Seals and Sealing Handbook, Elsevier, ed5,0 Pages 597,2007