Is Crystallization the most effective method for closing the water loop?

Crystallization is a highly efficient technique for managing water in industrial settings such as wastewater treatment, particularly when dealing with higher levels of dissolved solids that exceed what reverse osmosis (RO) systems can effectively treat. When the total dissolved solids (TDS) exceed around 6%, RO systems can become ineffective, risking membrane malfunction and clogging. Crystallization offers a viable alternative in such scenarios, allowing for effective water loop closure in industrial applications.

What about TDS.

“Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular , ionized , or micro-granular (colloidal sol ) suspended form. TDS are often measured in parts per million (ppm). TDS in water can be measured using a digital meter.”

What does a crystallizer do to this heavy charged water?

Let us take the example of a brine containing 10% TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) by weight.

This means that for every 1000g (1 litre) of brine, 100g is made up of a mixture of chlorides, sulphates, sodium, calcium and a variety of other components such as potassium, nickel, lead, mercury and many, many other contaminants. This solution, when supersaturated under controlled conditions, generates spontaneous crystal formation in the form of sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, calcium sulfate, etc.?

Under controlled conditions these crystals reach a size of about 1mm and can be easily separated from the brine with a small centrifuge along with the other impurities present in the system.

This salt cake will be easy to handle for recovery or recycling purposes.

The water that is evaporated is a distillate with a very high water quality of about 20 milligrams per litre that can be reused in the system.

Crystallization is a crucial process in industrial wastewater treatment that allows for the recovery of salts and other raw materials. By achieving supersaturation through cooling or evaporation, the process efficiently separates solids from solutions, aiding in purification and impurity removal. Its advantages, such as high efficiency, energy savings, and resource recovery, make it a promising technique for water treatment applications, particularly in scenarios where traditional methods are ineffective or costly.

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