1 :Do you really know about batteries?

I will introduce different batteries one by one according to different chemical compositions.

1.lead acid cell

Lead-acid cell uses the leading which is full of sponginess plumbum as the negative electrode,and the leading which is full of lead dioxide as the positive electrode, and it uses 22 to 28% sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. In the charge, the electric energy translates into the chemical energy, and in the discharge, the chemical energy converted into the electrical energy. In the battery discharge, lead metal is negative. When it comes to the occurrence of oxidation,the lead acid will become vitriol plumbum. Lead dioxide is positive. When it takes place reduction, it will be back to lead sulfate.Using DC battery charge, the bipolar respectively create lead and lead dioxide. After the removal of power, it returned to the pre-discharge and makes up of the chemical battery.Lead-acid cell needs to add sulfuric acid after it is used in a period of time t so that the electrolytes to maintain 22 to 28% of sulfuric acid. Lead-acid cell’s voltage is 2V.Lead-acid batteries are reliable, low price and the technology is mature.The shortcomings of lead-acid cell are too heavy, too big and not able to provide much power, and its life is very short. In addition, the depth of lead-acid cell discharge capacity and low-temperature discharge capacity are poor and it can not be fast-charging. Moreover scrapped as a result of an abandoned lead-acid battery can cause secondary pollution.?

2.nickel cadmium cell

Nickel-cadmium cell is composed of two plates. The active material on the positive electrode is composed of nickel oxide powder and graphite .Graphite does not participate in chemical reactions, but its main role is to enhance the conductivity. The active material on the negative electrode is composed of cadmium oxide Flour and iron oxide powder. The function of the iron oxide is to make a higher-proliferation of cadmium oxide powder, to prevent caking and to increase the capacity of the plate. Nickel-cadmium cell has a good high-current discharge characteristics. It is of the application of wide temperature range. The self-discharge rate is small. And it is low cost, low price. Nickel-cadmium cell’s most fatal shortcoming is that in the charging and discharging process if you do not handle properly, there will be serious ”memory effect” and it will make service life significantly reduce. In addition, the metal cadmium is polluted to the environment. Waste batteries is dealt with complexly. The capacity of the battery is very small, and its life is short. So nickel-cadmium cell is the most low-end battery.

3.nickel hydride cell

nickel hydride cell Nickel hydride cell is composed of a hydrogen ion and nickel metal synthesis. The active material on the positive electrode is called nickel hydroxide (nickel oxide electrode).The active material on the negative electrode is called the metal oxide, also known as the hydrogen storage alloy (the electrode is called hydrogen storage electrode).The electrolyte is 6N potassium hydroxide.Ni-MH cell is of high energy density, high-power density, rapid charge and discharge, long cycle life, no memory effect, non-polluting, safe to use, known as the green battery. Ni-MH cell’s open circuit voltage is 1.2V, which is the same with Ni-Cd cell. Compared with nickel cadmium cell, the equipment which performance is generally higher than nickel-cadmium batteries and it can use all the nickel cadmium cell can use nickel hydride cell. NiMH cell has good low-temperature discharge characteristics, but at a high temperature (+40 ℃above), the storage capacity will decline 5 to 10%. NiMH cell requires constant current. When it is charge constant current, you need to detect the battery voltage and other parameters. When the cell voltage slowly rises to a peak, usually around 1.2V, the charge should be terminated. In order to avoid damaging the cell, cell temperature is too low to start fast charging. When the cell temperature is lower than 10 ℃, it should be transferred to the trickle charge mode. Once the cell’s temperature is up to the required value, you must immediately stop charging. In the discharge, when the voltage is at 1.0V, the discharge should stop so as not to cause harm to the cell’s performance. Ni-MH cell’s shortcoming is that it’s prices is higher than nickel cadmium cell ,but it’s performance is worse than the lithium cell.

4.lithium ion cell

Lithium-ion batteries have the characters light weight, high capacity, high energy density, and its capacity with the weight of nickel-metal hydride battery of 1.5 to 2 times, and have very low self-discharge rate, lithium-ion battery is almost no ”memory effect”, and Pollution-free. Lithium-ion batteries have been in mass production of two kinds:liquid lithium-ion battery (LiB) and lithium-ion polymer battery (LiP) . Lithium-ion technology usually use liquid or inorganic colloidal electrolyte,so it needs solid shell to accommodate combustible active ingredient, which increased the battery’s weight and cost, but also limits the size and design flexibility. In general, the minimum thickness of liquid lithium-ion battery is 6mm, and then to reduce is more difficult. Polymer lithium-ion battery in the cathode, anode and electrolyte of the three main structures at least one or more polymer materials used as the main battery system. A new generation of polymer lithium-ion batteries in the extent of polymer-based, so the shape can thinner (the thinnest 0.5 mm), of any size and any shape, and greatly increased flexibility of the battery design. At the same time, the energy of the unit of lithium-ion polymer battery other than current lithium-ion batteries in general increased by 50%, its capacity, charge and discharge characteristics, security, operating temperature range, cycle life and environmental performance in areas such as lithium-ion batteries relatively increased. Lithium-ion batteries have been vulnerable to be damaged by discharge over or deep discharge . Lithium-ion battery voltage constant flow of charge manner, the single lithium-ion battery charging voltage is required to strictly limit, the charge rate is usually no more than 1C, using 1C currently charge to 4.1V, the charger should be immediately transferred to the charging voltage, Gradually reduce the charge current, when the current provisions of a reduced value, the charge to stop; discharge termination voltage is generally 2.7—3.0V, such as the damage will continue to discharge the battery. On the other hand, although many advantages of lithium-ion batteries, there are also shortcomings, such as the high price, less time of charge and discharge, and so on.

5.fuel cell

A fuel cell is a device which use chemical energy the fuel releasing in the burning course conversing to electrical energy .And the difference between the battery, which is separate from the external to the two electrodes in a row to add fuel and oxidizer without charge. A fuel cell constitute of four parts: fuel cell (such as hydrogen, methane, etc.), antioxidants (such as oxygen and air, and so on), electrode and electrolyte. Fuel cells will converse the combustion energy released directly into electrical energy, so the utilization of energy is high. In addition it has the following advantages: lightweight equipment; made no noise, very little pollution; can be run in a row; unit weight of higher power output. As a result, it has been in space applications,in all fields of the military and civilian has been widely used to show prospects.?

6.solar cell

Solar cells are the devices through the photoelectric effect, or photochemical effects to make the light energy directly into electrical energy . Solar cells is a promising new type of power, with a permanent, clean and flexibility of the three major advantages. Solar cells have long life, as long as there is sun, the solar cell can be a long-term investment; and compared to thermal power, nuclear power generation , solar cells would not cause environmental pollution; solar cells can be both small and large to medium-sized ,large to 1,000,000 kilowatts of power, only to a small use of solar energy battery, which is unmatched by other power.

*These are all the information collected by me personally browsing various websites.If you are concerned about more learning content, please add my LinkedIn or mail me.I will update my knowledge about this industry from time to time, hoping to help everyone.

Author:Allen He