THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECTURE 让世界更美好 国际上的新建筑

DESIGN FOR A BETTER WORLD (Part 4)

设计，让世界更美好

The first third of the 20th Century witnessed one of the most important advances of modern medicine: the discovery of penicillin. This discovery in 1928, the development of antibiotics and the treatments against bacterial infections supposed the largest leap in human life expectancy and a huge improvement in our life quality.

20世纪的前三分之一见证了现代医学最重要的进步之一:青霉素的发现。这一发现是在1928年，抗生素和细菌感染治疗的发展被认为是人类预期寿命的最大飞跃和我们生活质量的巨大改善。

Still, in the first half of the century, the world had to suffer another series of terrible events in terms of human annihilation and destruction during the Second World War.

在本世纪上半叶，世界仍不得不在第二次世界大战期间遭受另一系列可怕的人类灭绝和毁灭事件。

Dresden Bombing ?德累斯顿爆炸案 - Source Getty Images

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During 6 long years of fight, the Axis powers (Germany Italy, and Japan) fought against the Allies (France, Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union, and China) in the bloodiest conflict in history, causing 50 million deaths and bringing utter destruction to extended territories of the countries involved.

在长达6年的战争中，轴心国(德国、意大利和日本)与同盟国(法国、英国、美国、苏联和中国)发生了历史上最血腥的冲突，造成了5000万人死亡，并使参与国的广大领土彻底毁灭。

After the war, the world came into a reconstruction period while societies were immersed in a long and deep financial crisis. The world as it had been conceived and the society as a part of it needed a total reformulation. Some architects, philosophers, and artists took advantage of the situation to revise and reinvent the modern new principles of design.

战后，世界进入了重建时期，社会陷入了长期而深刻的金融危机。设想中的世界以及作为其中一部分的社会需要彻底重新构想。一些建筑师、哲学家和艺术家利用这种情况修改和重新发明了现代设计的新原则。

Walter Gropius, Hannes Meyer, Mies Van der Rohe, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Le Corbusier, Peter Behrens.

包豪斯的创始人:沃尔特·葛拉西斯，汉内斯·迈耶，达格尔，瓦西里·康丹斯基，保罗·柯普，勒伯齐勒·伯泽，彼得·伯鲁斯

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In 1919, a group of artists and designers set up the Bauhaus school in Weimar as the materialization of a brand new teaching initiative concept, based on creativity and art disciplines interaction. This school soon became the world reference of design and architecture and set the basis of a new ideal of simplicity, functionality, and practicality.

1919年，一群艺术家和设计师在魏玛创办了包豪斯学校，这是一种全新的教学主动性理念的具化，基于创造性和艺术学科的互动。这所学校很快成为世界设计和建筑的参考，并为简单、功能和实用的新理想奠定了基础。

The proper school campus site-building became the flagship of this new construction identity named “International Style”.

恰当的校园建筑成为了这种名为“国际风格”的新建筑标识的旗舰。

Bauhaus at Dessau - Walter Gropius

德绍的包豪斯学校——沃尔特·格罗皮乌斯

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Many new architectural tendencies arose under the umbrella of the Bauhaus and the International Style school, especially in the second half of the 20th Century. Buildings became perfect geometric pieces and house simple living machines, totally nude, practical, and functional, with no regard for decoration and ornaments.

许多新的建筑趋势在包豪斯和国际风格学派的保护伞下兴起，尤其是在20世纪下半叶。建筑成为完美的几何构件和简单的生活机器，完全裸露，实用，功能，不考虑装饰和装饰。

The need for quick constructions pushed the industrialization of constructions and the supremacy of concrete as construction material.

快速施工的需求推动了建筑的工业化和混凝土作为建筑材料的优势地位。

Unite d'Habitation Marseille - Le Corbusier

马赛住宅-勒·柯布西耶

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Another principle of the new design tendencies was the fact that architecture had to become a public service and needed to be oriented to a more social role. This meant the origin of social housing, the era of prefabrication, and the industrialization of architecture to achieve a cheaper cost and the chance to reach all the layers of society. ?

新设计趋势的另一个原则是，建筑必须成为一种公共服务，需要导向一个更社会的角色。这意味着社会住房的起源，预制件的时代，以及建筑的工业化，以实现更低的成本，并有机会到达社会的所有层次。

The functionality as the main purpose and final goal led to the total absence of decoration that set the basis for contemporary minimalism.

作为主要目的和最终目标的功能性导致了装饰的完全缺失，而装饰是当代极简主义的基础。

Farnsworth House - Mies van der Rohe

范斯沃斯住宅 - 密斯范德楼

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This modern minimalism became the breeding ground for a new generation of architects that devised a great number of masterpieces. Houses followed the idea of the open space as learned in the previous decades. Light and good ventilation were the guarantees for good health. The language of simplicity became predominant, although these simple designs were also able to be sophisticated pieces of design that are copied and replicated in our days.

这种现代极简主义成为新一代建筑师的温床，他们设计了大量的杰作。住宅遵循了前几十年学习的开放空间的理念。光线和良好的通风是健康的保证。简洁的语言占据了主导地位，尽管这些简单的设计也能够成为复杂的设计，在我们的时代被复制和复制。

Ville Saboye - Le Corbusier, Source SpacesXplaces

萨伏伊别墅 - 柯布西耶

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This new wave of simple and austere architecture took over all the fields of design, mainly applied to residential architecture but also to public architecture and even factories that showed this new line of proportions and elegance.

这种简约建筑的新浪潮席卷了所有的设计领域，主要应用于住宅建筑，也应用于公共建筑，甚至工厂，展示了这种比例和优雅的新线条。

Alfeld Factory - Walter Gropius, Adolf Meyer (Source Architectuul)

阿尔菲尔德工厂-沃尔特格罗皮乌斯，阿道夫梅耶

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Although these new proportion rules of design could have been considered a bit rigid due to the predominance of geometric shapes, there was still some room for different composition lines and more disruptive design alternatives.

虽然由于几何形状的优势，这些新的设计比例规则可能会被认为有点僵硬，但仍然有一些空间为不同的组成线和更破坏性的设计选择。

Guggenheim New York - Frank Lloyd Wright (Source The New York Times)

纽约古根海姆博物馆-弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特

Architecture masters managed to create exquisite pieces with the minimal use of materials and total absence of ornaments that made the construction cost more affordable. This tendency of creating nude buildings gave rise to extreme rationalism and brutalism as tendencies that are prevailing in our days.

建筑大师们用最少的材料和完全没有装饰的方式创造出精美的作品，使得建造成本更便宜。这种创造裸体建筑的倾向导致了我们这个时代盛行的极端理性主义和野兽主义倾向。

Hayward Gallery London - Dan Graham, Ron Herron, Dennis Crompton, Norman Engleback

伦敦海沃德画廊-丹·格雷厄姆，罗恩·赫伦，丹尼斯·克朗普顿，诺曼·英格贝克

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The purpose of design passed from a merely decorative role to a total functional one. Houses were considered in many cases ugly, but at least functional and practical. The functionality reached all levels of life, from the way people parked their cars to the way people watched TV.

设计的目的从仅仅是装饰的作用转变为一个全面的功能的作用。房子在很多情况下被认为是丑陋的，但至少是实用的。从人们停车的方式到人们看电视的方式，它的功能延伸到了生活的各个层面。

Marcel Breuer - Source Daily Icon

马塞尔·布鲁尔

The creativity of this group of designers surpassed the ambit of design and aimed to touch every single aspect of our life. Bauhaus movement designers and students experimented with a product, furniture, and industrial design following the same principles established for architecture: simplicity, minimalism, and functionality.

这群设计师的创意超越了设计的范畴，旨在触及我们生活的方方面面。包豪斯运动的设计师和学生们对产品、家具和工业设计进行了实验，遵循与建筑相同的原则:简单、极简主义和功能性。

Voiture Minimum, Le Corbusier - Source Pinterest

迷你汽车，柯布西耶

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In this design revolution and change of paradigm, designers did not lose the perspective and the fundaments of design as a service tool for society. As improvements in medicine did, the new design tendencies became a complementary help in this general evolution towards wellbeing.

?在这场设计革命和设计范式的变革中，设计师并没有失去设计作为社会服务工具的视角和基础。随着医学的进步，新的设计趋势成为了健康发展的一个补充。

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Next Chapter (5):?Furniture and the era of simplicity.

下一章: 家具与极简时代

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