基因有爱/Love in gene/Audio version of the dialogue

#基因有爱/Love in gene/Audio version of the dialogue

?This is the last episode. This season, Mrs. Ye, hey, you are the big axis, our finale guest, Salsa has come to eat, and after the last episode, I think I can talk to him for 12 episodes.?Ah, this is the life, and, at the end of this, we can really learn the secret of this life for so many years. As our conclusion, I think it is very meaningful.

?Wen Tao: Oh [streaming], how similar are this father and son, how much is determined by genes?

?Yin Ye: This is difficult. Actually, there is a very important philosophical question. Should there be a father or a son first??So what is a child, whether there is a father or a son, we generally say that we need chickens and eggs. There are many discussions on this issue. We need fathers to have sons first.?Hey, in the past, I remembered that there was a koan in Zen Buddhism, asking you to participate frequently, saying that this parent was the original face before he was alive.

?Xu: This is interesting.

?Yin Ye: Actually it was a brain teaser. Before the son came out, that person was not the father.

?Wen Tao: Hey, this is logic.

?Xu: Not necessarily. The problem of sharp turns can be serious or serious, that is to say, the degree of similarity between the father and the son or the grandfather, and then to the grandson below.

?Yin: Generally speaking to me, a person of social attributes, what is inherited, is not just the father’s bones and blood, but the father is just one of them. We are called bloodlines. Let’s talk for a long time today. We are talking about China.?Then, this is the context.?There is also a vein, and the microbes are also inheriting and passing it on.

?For example, the effect of breast milk on the growth of the baby, the lactating mother basically passed the genes, the genes of a large number of bacteria to the baby, and they drove in with the car. Some people said that he would look a little bit like?Her/his wet nurse.

?Yin Ye: This is a very important concept in genetics, called epigenetics. What does it mean??That is to say, my genes have not changed, but the position of the expression of these genes has changed. Let's assume that, just say this, for example, say that the moonlight is in front of the bed. Let's hear this, this is Li Bai's quiet night thinking.?Everyone has not changed at this level, but how do you read it??Are you reading: Before the bed, the moonlight, or: Before the bed, the moonlight??Its expression has changed, and your state will be different at this time.?So this kind of inheritance is also our definition of the two words heredity today. It has both blood, context, and bacterial veins. There is an extra layer of epigenetic content on top of it. It allows us humans to inherit naturally.?I have a lot of memories that I didn’t have before.

?Wen Tao: It has caused me a lot of associations. It is the past. As a liberal arts student, we can also say that some philosophers. In fact, a question has been raised, that is, whether culture is inherited or not, is culture, will it be written in a generation??In her genetics, culture is a problem for me.

?Yin: I understand. For example, I often cite two examples. Everyone knows the first one. If this mouse has seen a cat but has never seen a cat, it is also afraid of it. No matter how big or small a cat is, it is afraid of mice.?what reason??The more critical environment is to record it through genetic means.

?Yin: There is a very small kind of worm, we call it gland. From this gland, we know which to eat, which to eat, how many times the bacteria will let itself in, and then he will get higher through heredity.?Look at this bacterium and don’t eat it. Using mRNA is similar to the way our mRNA vaccine uses mRNA. In the genetic institute from generation to generation, with this thing, if it is culturally speaking, it should have inherited elements.?That he can't inherit him at all,

?Ye: Could it not be the genetic factor that really teaches culture, but how to understand behavioral cognition, right? There are innate and acquired concepts of this kind.

?Yin: It's not that people must be talented. I admit that, but what I said is that talents cannot be detected by genes.?These two are not contradictory. Coupled with acquired learning, they are not acquired, which is easy for everyone to understand.?Yes, the key is how much congenital things account for and how much they play a role.?When a dragon gives birth to a dragon, what a phoenix gives birth to a phoenix, a mouse's son will make holes.

?Does it make sense??In terms of social setting, you have been lazy since you were young, and your family environment is superior, so you, you, you passed down, then your dad is also the landlord passed down from your grandfather??Are you Huang Shiren's son??Wait, wait, wait, then, but these are acquired, how much is the so-called import, and how much in the blood can be explained physiologically by you, this kind of inheritance.

?Yin: Let's go back biologically first.?All of our mitochondria, mitochondria are the engines in the cells called mitochondria, mitochondria, mitochondria, sperm, there are almost no mitochondria, mitochondria are mainly derived from eggs, men are useless, men give a layer of substance, so?That is to say, mitochondria are basically from mothers. When I go back up, everyone should be able to trace back to a mother. She is Eve’s, that is mitochondria. It was about 200,000 years ago, when we Homo sapiens first came out.?Ah, we can’t find the big Y chromosome, it must come from dad, so we can also find a physical Adam in the past, about 200,000 years ago, but these two are not a pair, this is our current genetics?The evidence is all in Africa. This is what we call the main profit out of Africa today. At least we people want to trace it back there today.

?Wen Tao: Yes, yes, interesting.

?Fortunately, let’s just say, hey, look at this dating back tens of thousands of years, that’s Adam. When I saw it, then there is a picture to be restored. It might look like this, I think it’s basically like Tyson.?Well, our five ancestors, three emperors and five emperors, yes, the main father, this is from the perspective of his genes, from the perspective of this mitochondria, from the current physical appearance, and we can trace it back to this way.?Of course, today is a separate origin, or multi-continental progress, whether it is Africa or East Asia, everyone still has disputes, and the academic community is not unified, but in this process, in other words, it is.?Teacher Xu, it’s very simple for us to trace the Chinese nation, especially males. About five or six thousand years ago, there were three Y chromosomes that expanded rapidly. If we look for these ancient myths, or in other words, look for classical myths, for Ma Si,?Huangdi and Yandi, Chiyou can see clearly that the three historical data are incomplete, and we don't know where it was dropped. The Y chromosome is expanding.

?It is equivalent to saying that they brought another supporting data today. In Europe, at least about 7% of men are Genghis Khan. Compared with the golden family, this is a better understanding. It was gradually when Mongolia was on the west.?Everyone is actually a male who killed a female to pass you on from generation to generation, and then slowly mixed up. It is in today's state, and it can be traced back to a golden family. It seems that Genghis Khan has the most children, and his descendants in Egypt are all him.?Born, he passed it to his grandchildren himself, tired, tired, prey, Liu Jing, Guo Jing, and Guo Jing’s, it doesn’t seem to have much to do with him, Guo Jing, we have to go to Guo Xiaotian, forty?There are sixty thousand glands, so it is to trace back from the bloodline. Let’s look back at night. We were not the same family 500 years ago. There is a high probability that we were one family 5,000 years ago. It’s not far away, so I don’t have it.

?Right, is this culture written in it, because we don’t know how he wrote it, it means a gene, so you say genetic variation, genetic variation, but I imagine it would be written like a computer.?Of course, I used to read idle books and heard a saying, that is, a person’s body contains all the human experience and memories. I don’t know if this can be said at the level of the physical body, for example,?Will the experience of my life be recorded in the DNA passed down in some form??what,

?Yin: Let me give you an extreme example. It's better to say that we know it in medicine.

?To be a joke, I still scold us men. The ones who really have an impact on mankind and human health are those old men who are still fertile.

?Teacher Xu, I didn’t mean anything. It’s just to record what you said about the cigarettes you have smoked, the wine you have drunk, the wars you have fought, and any of these things you have done in your sperm.?Here, life experience is serious in sperm, and it will be produced in an epigenetic way when your sperm undergoes meiosis.?In a word, more harmful mutations are accumulated. On average, when you are over 35 years old, there will be two more mutations every year. This is what can be measured at present. You have a bad influence on others, so I?I didn't hear this bad word just now. I suddenly thought, "Oh, what should I do if the responsibility is so heavy."

?And in Europe, which country is one of the most famous sperm banks??The height of men in this country is the highest, for a height of 1.87 meters, so the Dutch sperm bank is everyone wants, because there are many children I want even if they are not married, and they are all excellent and tall.?IQ, highly educated, and handsome. Everyone looks very good. However, 90% of the sperm he donated were autistic, and even later, he was autistic. It was later discovered that he was autistic.?The gene of autism has been brought in, and I seriously consider it.

?Xu: I saw a watch when I came to the United States to study. University students donate 240 sperm. This news is sent every month. University students are $240, PhD students are $800. At that time, I studied for a master's degree for more than $400. It is just a donation of sperm. Yes, it is not a sperm donation.?, I have to go four times a month and donate the essence four times. Master, I just said more than 400, not 800. At that time, 400 US dollars meant a lot to me. The only thing that prevented us from serious consideration was the few of us.?Some people say that in the future you ran across the supermarket and walked over to a parent and his mother. What do you do??Think about it, oh forget it, regret it now,

?Ye: Where is that woman?

?Yin: But the egg, like this, the egg is rationed.

?This affects these tens of thousands of eggs [anger]. Sperm is caused by competition. The quality of our male sperm is declining. This is the logic of premature maturity if we are to play as early as possible.?It lies in the number of sperm in our men’s semen. The number of spermatozoa has dropped from nearly 100 million to about 20 million. Hey, there are few competitors, and the sperm here is to be graded. Everyone is the sperm.?The only thing that can be understood is tadpoles, right, wear a tail behind this head, how do you swim with that tail??It’s like a propeller and turns around. Oh, it’s the same as that of a submarine. The only mitochondria of a sperm is in its tail. The head is the genetic material. So sperm is also very powerful. It can hardly carry the virus. It is too small to enter the virus.?Go, there is not enough space like this.?When the sperm and egg meet together, this first one of the sperm touches the egg, we simply understand it, it just gave a signal to tell me to go in, and then this sperm is useless, choking?Up.

?I added it. This is the pioneer. I will use this example to compare entrepreneurship in the future. The one that runs very fast may not be a good thing. Hey, I just created it and helped the second one to open doors one after another.?In 4S, it’s random, because there are a lot of sperm in that egg. You don’t know where to make the hole. You saw the last episode. This teacher Yin mentioned that this is the teacher Xu, you must know.?At that time, Yan Fu's translation of Tian Yan theory was correct, and then I learned that, in fact, Yan Fu's translation was according to his own ideas.?It also changed part of the meaning of Jingguli, right.?Huxley said, just say this, the survival of the fittest, Huxley means that the animal kingdom is all selfish, genes are all selfish [anger], he said but, because it is?Human beings, on the contrary, we may have collective altruistic and truly altruistic genes.

?Wen Tao: I feel that when we were in danger of life and death, we were right in the late Qing Dynasty, so they wanted to promote this ideological change.

?Yin: He referred to this idea as survival of the fittest. Survival of the fittest means that if you are not strong, you will be destroyed. It becomes the social Darwinism that we were more worried about later. Hey, it is to allow everyone to screen?The quality of the population, so Hitler later used it to the extreme through Galton's dominance theory. In fact, it has been more than 100 years since that line, but what you are talking about is a very dangerous signal.?In fact, every human being survives is meaningful.?In other words, how do you define intelligence today, we can live well in the city now.?Get on the grassland/to survive/, it may be that the primitive peoples of Africans today are more adapted to the environment than we are, depending on how you define it.?So from your research, theoretically speaking, with this inheritance of a university professor, his son may not be the most likely/in the future/ to be a university professor.?We talk about the inheritance of the characteristics of our parents.?I have asked many people, Fudan Peking University, Tsinghua University for three consecutive generations, almost none.?In other words, I cannot be seen from my father.?You see, he was already very early, Huxley had already talked about this selfish gene, altruistic gene, yes, it is beneficial to his gene, it's quite difficult.?In fact, it is difficult for me to define what is called altruistic gene, but human beings are really beneficial to other's ideas in terms of human nature.?That is, we are the first to bring true altruism, that is, other species hardly die for others, at most it is easy for their own genes.

?Xu: True altruism is not a gene. It is a kind of moral training that came later. That's the problem.?It is whether moral training will affect genes. We even ask one step further. In the past, we thought that, for example, a child, his character, or his temper, or even talking about him dealing with people.?Yes.

?Wen Tao: Why is it affected by the family, right? But, I’m telling you for nothing. I heard that you are a liberal arts student. For example, if you are like Wang Yangming who talked about this mind-study, hey, it can be traced back to him.?Mencius, Wang Yangming’s new learning, he said that there is something called conscience in people’s hearts. This conscience can be taught without learning. Mencius means that people are born to know what is shy, or that people are born to be shy.?Have compassion, such as seeing a child.?Hey, this, this one fell into the well, and you are born with compassion, then he thinks this compassionate heart, Wang Yangming thinks, this compassionate heart is born, I just blindly contact you like this, if he learns this heart?If the argument can be established, then a certain kind of compassion is related to genes, 3.1 billion is it, although it is 3.1 billion.

?Yin: How can human beings have compassion??We can see one now.

?Strategy is violence, why is it reduced??In fact, to a large extent, it is an improvement, because our technology has improved, and you don't need to fight for life and death anymore.?The natural world is actually a Shura field, and there is nothing full of life. Naturally, we have seen a lot of life. Nature is humanized by humans. In fact, a materialized nature is a Shura field. When two species meet together,?Most of them are eating and killing. Everyone can continue offspring together. There are few choices and few choices. Basically, we can see that every species exercises strongly.?In choosing and being selected, this is the actual nature. According to Liu Cixin’s words, it is a dark forest. He is a law of the jungle. For humans, for example, the decision of genetic things, personality does have some genes that are extreme, and more?It's easy to be manic. In other words, this group of people may also be easier. For example, in the war years, he may often get particularly high combat achievements, and his bloodthirsty is particularly brave, in fact.

?But from your side or from the enemy side, this is also right, but when we gradually become more and more unbearable for the cost of this kind of war, such as a nuclear war, everyone cannot bear it. What about this process??Everyone is getting closer to solving this problem in a human way. So overall, in terms of human character, it should be said that there are more and more elements in this part of being kind to people. I think today we can explain, or?It is easy for everyone to accept that it is due to the facts and courtesy of the warehouse, which is caused by a social environment. However, from the perspective of my elite, we will also indirectly filter out these elements of violence, because it may be more affected.?Cut people off. I’m talking about natural selection. If you choose one, he may not have the advantage. You can understand that if we fight every day today, then a particularly bloodthirsty person will have the most offspring.?, If he doesn’t fight today, he doesn’t have so many opportunities and more offspring, then the bloodthirsty gene, which I say is more extreme, will die out.

?Correction and transformation can happen in a very short time. I can give a particularly simple example, that is, the Swift in the United States, Aeronautes saxatalis, nests under the bridge of the high-speed highway, then the original Swift starts from the beginning.?When flying, it must first fall, and then fly again. The first time there were too many cars, Swift was hit and killed because of such a simple matter. In just a few decades, all North Americans?Swift, its wings are all shorter, because those with longer wings.?If it can't fly, the one with short wings can be in the car. It will fly. This is selected.?You can say that this is a problem caused by the car, but the Swift who did have wings on the street was sifted out.?Aeronautes saxatalis

?I can give you an example. On March 8, 1924, 38 Women’s Day in 1924, He Xiangning proposed to abolish polygamy, ending a decadent system and giving women more options, so that every man has a chance to have one.?Wife.

?Especially good. If he is in the Republic of China, you can marry 20 or 30 wives as long as they have money. In fact, you are using money to buy out the opportunity cost of these women and having children for you, that means two or three more.?Ten bachelors, so in terms of monogamy itself, it is to keep genes as diverse as possible. Everyone’s genes have the opportunity to pass on. So you can’t simply because of me?I thought it was a guarantee that rich men would not marry more wives. Hong Kong was in the 1960s and 1970s, and it was abolished very late. Oh, it was Macau that was abolished very late. You see, I still have students. There are many of my students.?Speaking of my own family is one dad, and three mothers all live together, that's it, I think this is right and wrong, in fact, it should be to protect women.?Logically speaking, it is to protect the disadvantaged in the entire gender struggle. This should be understood, right??Distribution, yes

?Yin: Look at this Hamorabi Code.

But when it comes to China, it is true, and it is used to the extreme if possible, so mine is saved until the latest. In theory, we are also called monogamy, and then monogamous and multiple concubines. From such a perspective,?Because in theory, there is always only one wife, that is, the wife, the queen, and the one in the palace fight drama. The other is that there is only inequality between men and women. There is no way for women to do this, except for Wu Zetian, so you see?What does this mean, for example.?In the animal world, it’s unkind, right, it’s like a star or something. If it is conditional, it will have more mating opportunities, so the efficiency of the gene transfer will be greater, and funds will appear.?Ah, but that’s why I said, this human beings can’t see it. Human culture and civilization will be fair in the end, but it’s fair and peaceful. Hey, don’t you say?

?Ye: But but it's one.?I don’t know if it’s called emotional memory or what it’s called, or it’s in our memory. For example, they say that jealousy occurs. That’s why men are jealous and women are jealous. They are different.?That is to say, a man will be jealous because he doesn’t know whether his offspring will be his. Therefore, a man is more concerned about whether a woman has a substantial relationship with another man, while a woman’s jealousy,?It is jealous. For example, he might think that this man's emotional derailment with others is more important than his physical derailment, because if he is emotionally derailed.?Hey, how can I say that property generally means his possession, this man’s resources, this property will be taken away by others, and it’s also strong, so even though it’s monogamous, in fact we remember?It’s, it’s this kind of memory, it’s not the memory of monogamy, this, this, among them, this is a moment of insight, which means that animals have evolved through the environment and genes you talked about, and humans?Through a series of social systems.

?One more tune, more restrained tunes, one loses one by one, and the history of mankind is very short, compared with most.

?Wen Tao: If we follow the logic of the animal kingdom, then many of our requirements are fair to this request, or this request of civilization is unfair. How do you say it, everyone has the opportunity to pass on DNA, yes, this?It’s our value, right??It seems on the surface that the will of this and that DNA is a bit unstable, but I have also seen a theory.?Are certain social things written in the DNA? That is to say, the so-called group, which tends to help each other, may have a higher probability of surviving in the collective sense. Is this true?

?Yin: This is a definite conclusion. It is correct. During the Great Migration that year, blood-related families had a higher survival probability. There is evidence. You see.

?DNA is selfish. Is he going to live because of blood relationship??So as long as I take care of the people of my ethnic group, is it to continue my genes??You will understand that female lions take care of each other's cubs, but the male lion will kill the last male lion first. The cub will stop the female lion from breastfeeding and re-enter the reproductive period to give birth to her own children.?Hey, what about ants. Ants are a kind of ant, which is the appreciation of clones and the appreciation of Cologne, so this problem does not exist. Ants are a social species. Because you just said this, I was thinking, many of us now?I like to watch that kind.?Movies of nature, watching animals, just movies of the animal world, when you watch it, in fact, I think it’s very beautiful [呲牙], very beautiful [呲牙], with a lot of human beings, right, right,?This is your human perspective. Is it because we see it? Actually, I’m wondering, is it like a human world, there is killing, there is courtship, there is this continuation, there is knowing, in fact,

?Yin: How did the birds in Australia get all lighted up?

?Seeing these facts, to what extent the wild cats in Australia have reached the point where they will see a fire, and these cats will run far, far away.

?Xu: Fire and extinguish the fire, right?

?Yin: No.?Because those birds will be roasted,

?Wen Tao: I thought to fight the fire, I think these Dai Li is too big, and even many cats are kind to them.

?Yin: Just taking advantage of the danger of birds, we started to carry out this kind of slaughter. It was really extinction to wipe out wild birds. He just didn't develop to the point of setting fire.?So we are like human beings, so we have to learn to fire.?Yes, so if we really think that our human world is like the animal world, we will make appointments, thinking that we are also a nothing. Today we may see a lot, we may see a lot of things.

?Yes, there are indeed very strict, monogamous, right there will be, I hope this way, there are also many species, it is so far away you can’t understand, the memory of fish is never seven seconds, fish?The memory of fish can be very long, some fish will know who it is, and its owner will greet you, which is almost the same.?So our current understanding of animals should be a bit like our understanding of human babies. He will have long ago. If he can’t tell, you don’t know for him. That is, we talk about the benefits of DNA, the benefits of DNA.?It's you.?Personal interests are still the interests of this population, such as bees, right? He seems to feel that it is something. As long as my DNA can be passed on, the life and death of a certain individual can be sacrificed, so this is also beneficial to a certain extent.?The comparison of his group is really altruistic, and this is this, it’s called altruism, but this altruism is actually genetically determined, it’s genetically selfish.

?Wen Tao: You see it is this selfish [angry], everyone is for me, I am for everyone, understand, it's all.

?Yin: He is my death for the gene of the population. We simply say it is altruistic behavior. This force will have strict genetic elements in it. For example, we know a lot of fungi. In this process, you will?I found that there are always some fungi that can go up all the time. Later I found that it was not. He was a liar, and finally the dumbest one was lied to. This is genetically determined. Huang Jiguang or these. He is for the country, for the nation, this?It’s not a genetic problem. It’s really for the humanity he is in at that moment. This is true and altruistic. He has nothing to do with you. This is a very important reason for being human. From a philosophical perspective,?From a scientific perspective, one thing that should be promoted is really altruistic.

?Ye: Is it sublime?

?Yin: The reason why you define a person as the primate you call the primate, why? [Rage], this is at least one of the effects.

?Wen Tao: Love, is this love in DNA?

?Yin: It is related to reproduction. This is related to love. In theory, love is a kind of emotion that is very difficult to describe. This alas, such as the love of men and women, the love of children, the love of the group, the love of human nature,?Human love is not the same right, so.?This love is not one kind, at least we have evidence from hormones today, which is the evidence from our various secreted hormones, and the evidence from this brain wave, it is not one kind, you seem to have some love, for example?I believe animals also have this kind of impulse, but there are some that may only be possessed by humans, or only humans can be verified, and some are indisputable and indisputable. So this question will come to one, which is like what we just talked about.?No matter what point you get from that city, we humans will appear.

#基因有爱/讨论会语音稿

这是最后一集了，本季，叶老师，哎您是大轴儿啊，我们的这个压轴嘉宾呢，莎莎来吃完了哈，上一集聊完，我觉得我能跟他聊12集，哎就是这个生命啊，而且呢，咱们到了这个最后啊，真的也就是可以从这个这么多年的这个生命的秘密啊，作为咱们的这个结语啊，我觉得很有意义。

文涛:唉[流泪]，这个爸爸和儿子有多相像，基因决定的有多少？

尹烨:这很难的，这个其实有一个很重要的哲学问题，是先有爸爸还是先有儿子？所以说孩子是什么，先有爸爸还是自己有个儿子，我们一般说需要鸡，需要蛋吧，这个问题讨论很多，需要爸爸先有儿子。哎，过去我记得那个禅宗有一个公案呐，叫让你经常参一参呐，说这个父母未生前本来面目。

许:这个有意思。

尹烨:其实是一个脑筋急转弯的问题，儿子没出来之前，那个人不是爸爸。

文涛:哎，这是逻辑。

许:不一定，急转弯的问题，可以很严肃，是可以很严重，就是说父亲跟儿子或者是爷爷，再到下面孙子，他们中间的这个有怎么样程度的一种相似性，

尹:我们对我一般来讲，一个社会属性的人呢，遗传什么，不是只是父亲骨血母血，父亲呢，只是其中的一个，我们叫血脉，我们今天咱几个聊半天，讲的是中国话，这是文脉。还有一个菌脉的，微生物也在遗传，也在传递来。

比如母乳对婴儿的生长作用，乳母基本上把基因，大量的细菌的这部分的基因也都传给了婴儿，连着车一起开进，就说有人说这个，他会长得有点儿，像她/他的乳母。

尹烨:这是一个遗传学很重要的概念，叫表观遗传学啊，这是什么意思？就是说我的基因没有变，但是这些基因表达的位置变了，我们假定啊，就说这个，比如说啊，说床前明月光，这个咱们一听，这是李白的静夜思。这一层儿大家没变，但是你怎么读？你是读:床前明，月光，还是:床前，明月光？它的表达变了，那这个时候你呈现出的状态就不一样了。所以这样的遗传，也是我们今天对遗传这两个字的定义，既有血脉，既有文脉，既有菌脉，之上又多了一层表观遗传的内容，它使得我们人类天然继承了很多以前没有的记忆。

文涛:引起我很多的联想，就是过去啊，咱们这个文科生儿，也可以说有些哲学家吧，其实提出来一个问题啊，就是文化遗不遗传，就是文化，会不会写在一代人的遗传基因里，文化题我就。

尹:理解，比如说我经常举的，就举两个例子吧，第一个大家都懂，这个老鼠见了猫没见过猫，它也怕，不管猫大小，对于老鼠，它怕。什么原因？较关键的这个环境是通过遗传方式记下去。

尹:就是有一种很小很小的一种蠕虫，我们叫腺，从这个腺虫呢，知道吃哪些，吃哪些，细菌会让自己中多少次，然后他就会通过遗传高起来的，以后看这个细菌不要吃了，通过mRNA就类似于我们这个mRNA疫苗的mRNA的方式，在代代往下遗传所，以这个东西，如果上升到了文化上来讲，他应该会有遗传的要素在，不能说他完全不能遗传他，

叶:他会不会不是就是真正教文化的这个基因的因素，而是说行为认识怎么了解，对吧，观念的这种先天和后天其实都有。

尹:不是说人肯定是有天赋的，这我承认，但我说的是基因是测不出天赋的。这两个是不矛盾，再加上后天的学习得到，不是后天的东西，大家容易理解。对，关键就是先天的东西占多少成分，起多少作用。龙生龙，什么凤生凤，老鼠的儿子会打洞。

有没有道理呢？这个我们从设社会性来讲，你从小好吃懒做啊，家里环境优越，那你这个，你你传下来的，那你爸爸那种也是你爷爷那里传下来的地主吗？你黄世仁的儿子吗？等等等等等等啊，那么但这些是后天的，多少是所谓进口，在血液里多少是你从生理学上可以解释的，这种遗传。

尹:我们先从生物学上往上溯吧。我们所有线粒体，线粒体就是细胞里面儿的发动机叫线粒体，线粒体，线粒体啊，精子里面啊，几乎没有线粒体，线粒体都主要来自于卵子，男的没啥用，男的给了一层物质啊，所以就是说线粒体基本都是从妈妈来的，我往上溯的时候，所有人应该能溯到一个妈，她就是夏娃的，就是线粒体，大约就是20万年前吧，我们智人刚开始出来的时候啊，我们找不着大Y染色体，一定只能来自于爹，所以往上数也能找到一个外表自己亚当，大约也是20万年前，但这俩不是一对儿，这是我们目前遗传学的证据，都在非洲，这是我们今天所谓的出非洲说的主要利润，至少我们今天人想追溯到那儿去。

文涛: 对，对，有意思。

还好，就说，哎说，你看这追溯到多少万年前，那就是亚当，我一看，那这还要复原出一个图说，可能长这样儿，我觉得基本上有点像泰森哈呢，咱们这个五祖爹，三皇五帝，是吧主爹，这是这是他从基因，从这个这个线粒体的角度，从现在体格外表，自己向上溯，就能溯成这样子。当然今天是单独的起源，还是多洲进取，是非洲说，还是东亚说，大家还是有争论的，学术界也没统一，但这个过程中呢，换言之也就是。徐老师，我们往上溯中华民族的，特别是男性非常简单，大概在五六千年前有三个Y染色体急速扩张，我们如果往上古的这些神话吧，或者说就是古典上去找，对马斯、黄帝、炎帝，蚩有看得很清楚，那三史料是不全的嘛，我们也搞不清楚哪儿撒下了，那个Y染色体在扩张。

等于说他们那时候带今天另外一个支撑的数据呢，是在欧洲，至少有大概7%的男性是成吉思汗，就黄金家族的一比，这个更好理解，是蒙古西征的时候，就逐渐的大家其实是男的杀了女的给你传宗接代，然后慢慢儿混，就混成今天这个状态，往上都能追溯到一个黄金家族上去，好像说是成吉思汗孩子最多，埃及他的后代都是他生的，他那边自己传给了这些他的孙儿，累啊，累啊，猎物啊，刘静啊，郭靖郭静的，跟他好像关系不大，郭靖咱得去找郭啸天，四十六万一腺，所以就是说从血脉上溯，我们晚上追溯一下，咱俩500年前去不是一家，5000年前大概率是一家，没多远，所以我没有。

对吧，就是这个文化会不会写在，因为咱不知道他是怎么写的，是就是说一个基因，这么你说遗传变异，遗传变异哈，但是我想象的要像电脑那个写入的话啊，当然我过去看闲书啊，听过一个说法，就是说啊，一个人的身体内藏着人类所有的经验和记忆，我不知道这个在物质宅体的层面上讲，能不能说，比如说我这一辈子的经验，也以某种形式会记载在往下传的DNA里吗？啊，

尹:我给你举极端的例子比较好讲，就是在医学上我们知道。

开玩笑的话，还是骂咱们男人，真正对人类、对人类健康有影响的，是那些仍有生育能力的老男人。

许老师，我没说什么意思呢，就是把你那个话现在说你抽过的烟啊，喝过的酒啊，打过的仗，干过的任何的这些事儿都记录在了你的精子里，生活经验，在精子里是正儿八经的，会在你精子做减数分裂的时候，以表观遗传学的方式产生。用一句话来说，更多是累积的是有害的突变，平均35岁以上的时候，每一年会多两个突变，这是目前可以测出来的，你对别人有坏影响的，所以我刚才没听到这个坏字，我突然想，哎哟责任这么重大了，怎么怎么办。

而且在欧洲吧，最著名的其中的一个精子库是哪个国家？这个国家男性身高是最高的，对一米八七的身高，所以荷兰精子库是大家都想要，因为很多即使是不结婚，我想要的孩子就有这么一个，各方面都很优秀，高智商，高学历，又很帅，大家看着都很好，然而他捐助的精子90%都是自闭症，甚至的后来都是自闭症，后来发现他就是自闭症，通过精子把自闭症的基因带进去了，我认真考虑。

许:来美读书见过一个表，大学生捐精子240，每个月有送这个消息，大学生$240,博士生$800，我那个时候读的硕士$400多，就是捐一次精，对，不是捐一次精，一个月得去四次啊，捐四次精，硕士哎，我刚才讲400多，不是800，当时400美金对我很大的意思啊，我们几个人认真的考虑的，唯一阻止我们的就是有人说以后你跑到超市对面走过来一个亲子与他的母亲，你怎么办？想想，哎呀算吧，现在后悔呀，

叶:那个女的呢？

尹: 可是那卵子，这样的，卵子是配给制。

这个影响就这几万个卵子[发怒]，精子是一个竞争致，我们男性的精子质量是在下降了，这个我们要就是越早发挥的越好孩子，还是要早熟的一个逻辑是这样子，就是在于我们男子精液的精子数，勃放的精子数是从将近一个亿，现在降到大概就2000万左右，哎，竞争对手少啦，而且这里边儿精子是要分级的，精子这个东西大家能理解的就是蝌蚪，对吧，对这个头后面带个尾巴，对那个尾巴怎么游呢？是个螺旋桨一样转着走，哦，是这跟那潜水艇一样，精子唯一的线粒体就是在它尾部，头部就是遗传物质，所以精子也很厉害，几乎携带不了病毒，太小了，病毒进不去，空间不够是这样子。精卵遇到一起的时候呢，这个首先一个精子边儿碰到卵子上了，我们简单理解啊，它只是给了一个信号，告诉我要进去了，然后这个精子它是没用的，噎着了。

加进去了，这就是先驱，我以后就拿这个例子去去比喻创业，跑得特别快的那个未必是好事儿，哎只是创了一下，帮助第二个打开了一段一扇门，雪浪扑在4S对呢，它是随机的，因为那个卵子中有好多精子，在哪个位置开洞，你是不知道，你看上一集啊，这个尹老师讲到一个就是这个许老师你肯定知道，那个时候这个严复翻译天演论对，然后后来我知道呢，其实严复的这个翻译啊，他是按照自己的意思啊。也改变了一部分，精骨黎的意思，对。赫胥黎说呢，就说这个，这个适者生存嘛，赫胥黎的意思就是说呢，动物界都是自私的，基因嘛，都是自私的[发怒]，他说但是呢，因为是人类，反而我们可能有集体的利他的，真利他的基因。

文涛:有感于咱们那个生死危亡之际啊，这个晚清的时候对，所以他们为了促进这个思想变革。

尹:他把这个思想就说成是适者生存，适者生存就是说你要不强，你就会被灭亡，就变成了我们后来比较担心的社会达尔文主义，哎，就是允许大家去筛选人口质量，所以希特勒后来用到了极致，是通过高尔顿的这些优势论，其实那一脉到现在100多年的时间，但是您讲的这个是一个很危险的一个信号。其实每一个人类活下来都是有意义的。也就是说今天你怎么定义智能，我们现在城市里我们可以活很好。弄到草原上/去生存/，那可能今天非洲人那些原始民族，他们更比我们适应那个环境，看你怎么定义。所以就说从你们的研究来看，理论上讲，大学教授的这个遗传，他的儿子不见得就是最高可能/今后/就是大学教授了。我们自己讲父母的特性遗传。我问过好多人，复旦北大，清华连续三代，几乎就没有。换言之，从我爹是看不到我的。你看他已经很早，赫胥黎就已经讲到了，这个自私基因，利他基因，对，就是有利他基因啊，蛮还蛮难的。我其实很难定义什么叫利他基因，但是人类从人性上讲是真的有利他意念。就是我们是第一种带上了真利他主义，就是其他的物种几乎不会为别人而死，顶多是为了自己的基因而一种容易，

许:真利他主义不是基因啊，是后来的一种道德训练来，问题就在这儿。就是道德训练会不会影响基因，甚至于我们再往前问一步，就是过去我们认为，比如说一个孩子，他的这个性格啊，或者他这个这个脾气，甚至于说他这个待人处事的这些东西是。

文涛:怎么受家庭影响对吧，但是呢，我跟你瞎白呼，我一听就是就是文科生哈，比如说你像咱们这个王阳明的讲这个心学，哎，一直到他可以追溯到孟子，王阳明这个新学，他讲的啊，就说人心里有一种东西叫良知，这个良知啊，教不学而能，孟子讲的意思就说人天生就知道什么害羞，或者说人天生就有恻隐之心，比如说看见一个小孩儿。哎，这个，这个掉井里了，你天生就有恻隐之心，那么他认为这个天恻隐之心，王阳明认为啊，这个恻隐之心是天生的，我就瞎这么联系，如果他这个心学说法能成立的话，那么某种恻隐之心跟基因有关系，31亿是吧，虽然是31亿啊。

尹:人类是怎么会有恻隐之心呢？我们现在能看到了一个。

战略就是暴力，为什么会减少？其实很大程度上讲就是一个进步，就是因为我们科技提升了，大家不需要再争个你死我活了。自然界其实是一个修罗场，没有什么生机盎然的，自然我们看到了生机盎然，自然是人类自己给它人性化，其实物性化的一个自然，那东西就是个修罗场，两个物种遇到一起，绝大部分就是吃杀呀，大家一起能延续后代呀，选择很少，选择很少啊，我们能看到的基本上每个物种锻炼强烈的。选择和被选择当中，这是实际的自然，按照刘慈欣的话讲就是个黑暗森林，他是个丛林法则，那么人类来讲的话啊，比如说基因事物的决定，性格确实有一些基因是极端的，更容易躁狂，换言之这一部分人呢，也可能更容易，比如说在战争年代，他可能经常能获得特别高的战功啊，嗜杀成性特别勇猛，其实。

但是从你这方还是从敌对方来说，这个也对，但是在逐渐逐渐我们对这种战争的代价越来越难以承受的时候，比如说核战争，大家都不可承受，那这个过程中呢，大家就更加趋近于以人类方式来解决这个问题，所以整个来讲，人类在性格上，应该来讲，与人为善的这部分的要素是越来越多，我觉得今天我们能够解释的，或者大家容易接受的，还是在于仓廪实而知礼节，一个社会大环境造成的，但是从我精英角度来讲，我们也会间接的去筛选掉这些暴力的这些要素，因为它可能会被更多的人剪掉啊，我讲的是自然选择，你选一选，他可能就不占优势了，你可以理解，今天如果咱们天天打仗，那么一个特别嗜杀成性的人，会有最多的后代，如果今天不打仗了，他不有没有那么多机会，有更多的后代，那么嗜杀成性的这个基因，我说的比较极端就会消亡。

纠正转型可以在非常短的时间内就发生，我可以举一个特别简单的例子，就是说美国的这个雨燕，Aeronautes saxatalis一种燕子在高速公速路的桥下筑巢，那么原先的雨燕一开始飞的时候一定是先往下落，然后再飞起来，第一次车太多了，所以雨燕下就被撞死了，就因为这么一个简单的事情，短短几十年，所有的北美的这个雨燕，它的翅膀全变短了，因为那些更长翅膀的。飞不起来，短翅膀的就可以在车上，它飞起来，这是被筛选出来的。你可以说这是车带来的问题，但在街上的确长翅膀的雨燕就被筛掉了。Aeronautes saxatalis

我能讲一个例子，1924年3月8号，1924年38妇女节，何香凝提出废除一夫多妻制，结束了一个腐朽的制度，给女性更多的选择权，使得每一个男性都有机会有一个老婆了。

特别好，假如说他在民国，你可以娶20个，30个老婆, 只要有钱，其实你是用钱去买断了这些女性的机会成本，为你生孩子，那就意味着多了二三十个光棍儿，所以一夫一妻制这个事情本身来讲，是让基因尽可能地保持着它的多样性，每一个人的基因都有机会传递，所以这样的事情你不能简单地由于，我以为是保证有钱的男的不能多娶老婆，香港也是到了六七十年代，废除的很晚，哎，废除的很晚是澳门，你看我还有学生，我的学生当中有很多。讲自己的家里就是一个爸，三个妈妈的都有在一起生活的，就是这样，我以为这个是一非，其实应该是保障女的吧。照理说就是保障整个性别斗争当中的弱势者，应该这么理解，对不对？分配嘛，有

尹:从这个哈莫拉比法典看。

但是到了因为中国实在是吧，能够的话用到极致了，所以我的是存到了最晚最晚，我们理论上也叫一夫一妻制，然后是一夫一妻多妾室，用这么一个角度，因为理论上一直是你太太只有一个的，就是妻子，什么皇后啊，什么宫斗剧里边都是一个的，其他的就是，就是只是男女不平等，女的没办法这样，除了武则天，所以你看这就意味着什么呢，比如说。在动物界那是天地不仁的，对吧，它这比如一个星星儿或者什么的，它有条件的，他就要占有更多的交配机会，从而这个基因的传递的效率就大，资金出现了哎，但是所以我就说啊，这个人类是看不的，人类的文化和文明，它最后它产生了要公平，但是这个公平和，哎你讲没有，

叶:但但是但是个。分配事故产生的，我不知道是不是叫情感记忆，还叫什么，还是在我们的记忆当中，比如说他们说嫉妒的产生，就是为什么男的会嫉妒，女的会嫉妒，是不一样的，就是说男的会嫉妒，是因为他不知道他那个就是那个后代会不会是他的，所以，男的更在意女的有没有跟别的男的发生实质的关系，而女的嫉妒呢，是嫉妒情感的，比如说他可能觉得这个男的他跟人家情感出轨比身体出轨，更重要，是因为如果情感出轨的话。哎，怎么说，就说财产一般就是说他的占有的，这个男的的资源，这个财产就会被别人给拿走，也强，所以尽管是这个一夫一妻制了，但实际上我们记忆里头那种是是，是这种，不是一夫一妻制的这种记忆的，这就这个，其中就顿开这个感悟了，就是说动物是通过你讲的那个环境啊，基因演变出来，人类通过一系列社会制度的。

调多了一道，束缚的调多了，一道一道输了，而且人类的这个历史是很短的，跟大部分对比。

文涛:如果按照这个动物界的这个逻辑的话，那么我们的很多公平对待这个这个这个要求，或者文明的这个要求不公平，哎怎么说呢，就是人人都有传递DNA的机会，对，这是咱们的价值，对吧？是好像表面看起来似乎这个跟那个DNA的意志，有点儿不稳，但是呢，我还看过一种理论。某些社会性的东西有没有写在DNA里，也就是说所谓啊，你看往往互相帮助的这个族群，它在这个集体的意义上生存的概率可能会更高，这个是个有吗？

尹:这是个确定的结论，是对的，就在当年大迁徙的过程中，有血缘关系的家族的存活概率更高，这是有证据的，你看就是。

DNA他自私，他要活下去是因为有血缘关系吗？所以我只要照顾我这个族群的人就是延续我的基因吗？你会明白母狮子是互相照顾小狮子的，但是公狮子一定会先咬死上一个公狮子，小狮子它会使母狮子停止哺乳，重新进入生育期生自己的孩子。哎，那蚂蚁呢，蚂蚁是一种蚂蚁，是克隆升值，是科隆升值，所以不存在这个问题，蚂蚁是一个社会性的一个物种，因为您刚刚说这个，我就在想，我们现在很多人喜欢看那种就是。大自然的片子，看动物，就动物世界的片子啊，你们看的时候，其实哎，觉得特别好看[呲牙]，特别美嘛[呲牙]，加上了很多人类，对了对了，这是你人类的视角，是不是因为我们看到的，实际上我在想哦，它是不是像一个，就人类世界，有杀戮，有求偶有什么，有这个延续，有知道，实际上，

尹:澳大利亚的鸟是怎么怎么被弄光了？

看到了这些事实，澳大利亚的野猫已经到什么程度了，会看到哪个地方着火，这些猫就会很远很远的就跑过去。

许:消防灭火，对吗？

尹:不是。因为那些鸟就会被烤熟啊，

文涛:我以为去救火，我觉得这些戴笠大了，甚至很多猫已经仁慈为对，

尹:就趁鸟之危，就开始进行这种屠戮，真的是灭绝似的在消灭野鸟，他只是没发展到点火的地步了。所以我们所以如人类，所以我们要学会点火。对，所以我们要真以为我们人类世界跟动物世界一样，我们就会约，就认为我们也是一个无，今天我们可能会看到很多，我们可能会看到很多一些东西。

对，确实有很严格的，一夫一妻的，对不对也会有啊，也希望这样，就也还有好多的物种，它有远你听不懂，鱼的记忆也决不是七秒，鱼的记忆可以很长，有些鱼会知道谁是，它的主人他会跟你打招呼，差不多就是这个意思。所以我们现在动物的很多的理解，应该来讲有点像我们对人类婴儿的理解，他早就会了，他说不出来，你就为他不知道，就是咱们讲DNA的利益哈，DNA的利益是你。个人的利益还是这个种群的利益，比如蜜蜂，对吧，他好像感觉就是什么，只要我的DNA能传递下去，某一个个人的生死是可以牺牲的，所以这这在某种程度上也是有利于他这个种群的比较，真利他，这就是这个，就叫利他，但这个利他其实是基因决定，是基因自私群决定，

文涛: 你看就是这个自私[发怒]，就人人为我，我为人人，明白吧，这都。

尹: 他就是我为了种群的基因而死，我们简单讲就是利他行为，这个力它就会有严格的基因的要素在里面，比如说我们知道很多的一些真菌啊，这个过程中呢，你会发现，总有些真菌可以一直往上去扑，后来发现不是，他是一个骗一个，最后最笨的那个被骗上去了，这是基因决定的，黄继光或者这些，他是为了国家，为了民族，这不是基因问题，这是那一刻真的为了他所在的这个人性，这个较真，利他主义，他跟你根本毫无悬关系，这是人之所以为人的一个很重要的，我们从哲学层面讲，从科学层面来讲都应该去提倡的一个东西，真利他。

叶:就是崇高吗？

尹:人之所以你自己定义成你叫灵长的灵长，凭啥呀，这至少是其中一个作用的。

文涛: 爱，这个爱在DNA里吗？

尹: 跟繁殖有关，这个有关，爱，理论上讲呢，爱是一种非常难以去描述的一种情感，这个爱，比如说男女之爱，子女之爱，对群体之爱，对人性，人类之爱，是不一样的/

对，所以。这个爱不是一种，至少我们今天从激素学的证据，就是从我们的各种分泌的荷尔蒙的证据，和从这个脑波的证据，它都不是一种的，你像有一些爱，比如说这种冲动，我相信动物也有，但有一些恐怕只有人有，或者是只有人能被证实，有一些不可争，不可争议，所以这个问题呢，会到了一个，就是像我们刚才聊到的，就您从那个城市到什么点上以后，就会出现一个我们人类。