?????? ????????????, ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? - 2024 ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ...
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2024 ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ...
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????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? 2030 ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? “????????, ????? ??????, ????? ?????????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????, ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????” ????? ???? ????. 2030 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????.
???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ????????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????. ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?, ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???, ?????? ???????? 2030 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????.
??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????.
?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????, ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????. ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????-?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????.
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?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????. ????? ?????????? ????, ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? 35 ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? 40 ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??. ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????, ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????. ?? ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????. ?????? ? ???, ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??.
????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??. ????? ???, ??? ???????????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???.
???? ?????? ?????? 8.5 ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? 72 ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 35 ?? ????? ????????? ????. ???? ?????, ????????? ????? 52?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? 5.3?? ????? ??. ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? (OECD), ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ??.
OECD ?? SIGI ??????
?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????, OECD ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? (SIGI) ?????? ????. ?????? ???????? 5.11 ?????? ??????? ?????? (SDG) ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???.
SIGI 2023 ??????? ????, ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? 25 ?? ?????. ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????:
? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????
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? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ??
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???????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??.
OECD ????????????? ????, 2023 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? (SIGI) ??? ?? 59.2 ?? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ??? 15.4 ?? ????. ?????? ????? (0) ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???, 100? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????. ‘???? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????’ ????? ???? ????????????? 7.9 ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 62.5 ?? ??. ‘???? ??? ?? ????? ???????’ ????? ???? ????????????? 13.1 ?? ??? ???? ?????? 41.5 ?? ??. ‘???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????’ ????? ???? ????????????? 17.4?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? 63.2 ?? ??. ????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ‘???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????’ ????? ???? ?????????? 22.5 ?? ?? 44.2 ?? ??.
???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? "????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????" (OECD, 2024). ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????? 56 ?? ??????? ????. ????????, ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????.
??????, ??????, ???????? ?? ???? (STEM) ????????? ??????? ?? ????, ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? SIGI ?????? ????? ?? ??. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??. ???????? ???, OECD ????? ???, ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ????????? ??? ????????? STEM ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ??????? (Industry 4.0) ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??.
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???? ???? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. “????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ??????? ???????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???????, ????????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? (BBC 2023).
???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????, ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????. ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????/??? ????? ????? ?? ???????????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ?? ????, ??????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ?? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???.
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??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??. ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??.
??? ??????????, ??????????, ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ??. ??????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????, ????????, ???????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????. ???????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????, ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????.
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??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??. ???? ?????, ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????. ????????? ?, ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????.
????????????? ?? ??????
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
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????. “????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????, ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ???????, ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ???????, ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????.” (?????????????? 2021, ???????: ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????). ??? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????????, ???? ???????, ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????, ????????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.
“??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???, ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???, ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ???.” (??).
????????????? ???????? (masculinity) ??? ????? ???????? ??. ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????. ???????, ??????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????. ???????? ?????? ??????? "????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????" (OECD 2023) ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??. ???????? ??????, ???? ???? ????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???; ????? ??? ??????? ????.
????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??. ???????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ?????, ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?.
???? ????? (quota system) ?? ?????? ?????????
????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????. ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
???? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. 2020 ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ????? 25 ? ??????? ???????? ?? 2016 ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? 23 ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??. ??? ????, ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????, ??????? ????? ??? ???????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ?????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???, ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? (glass ceilings) ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????.
?????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???. ????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???. ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????. ? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??. ?????, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????, ?????, ????????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??. ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? 25? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ??.
????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????
1984 ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? (?????) ???? ?? ??? ???????? 1984 ? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? 1970 ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???.
???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? 22 ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ‘???????? ????’ ?? ???????????. ????????? 22 ???????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???. ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ??. ?. ???????? ????????? ???. 2002 ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ???, 1977 ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????, ??????, ????????, ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????.
1984 ? ??? ????? ????? ???, ?????????? ???????? ???, ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????/???????????/????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??/??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????. ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???. ???, ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ????-?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???.
???? ??????? ???? ??????? 1976 ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ??? 6.00 ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????. ???????? ????, ?????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??.
???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??. ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???. 1978 ???? ????? ?? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???. ?????????, (?? ? ?????) ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???, ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???, ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????.
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?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? 1984? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???. ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ?????, ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???, ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ??.
???????? ????, ????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????????????, ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???. ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ????-?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????? (?? ????? ????????????) ?? ?????. ????, ???? ?????????, ????????, ????????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????-?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.
????????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???, ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ?? "???????" ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????.
?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ????; ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????. “???????” ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????; ?? ? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? "??????" ?? ???, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????, ????????, ???, ?? ???? ???? ???? ????.
???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? (???????) ?? ????? (???????) ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??. ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ????????? ????, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????.
?????? "???????" ?????? ??????? ??????? ??, ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????
"???????" ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????. ???????????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ("?? ???" ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????) ???? ??????? ???. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??. ?????? ?? ????????? “???????” ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????.
???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??. ????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
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1971? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? (?????) ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????. 1971 ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? “????????” ??? ??????????? ??????. ???? ????????, ?????????? ?????? (???????? ????????? ??), ????????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ????? (?????? ????????? ?????), ?????????? ???? ?? ??????, ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? (??????) ????, ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???. ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????. 1977 ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?, ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???.
1971 ??????? ?????????? ???, ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ??? ????. ?????, ??????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?????????, 1971? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???. ?????? ???????????????? ?????????, ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ???? ???, ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.
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????? ?????? ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???, ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????, ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?.
? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????. ?????? ???? ??????????????? ?? ???????? 3000?? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?? 1982 ?????? 7 ?? 8 ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????. ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???.
??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???. ?????????, ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ANC, PLO, ????????? FNLA, ?????????? ?? FRELIMO, ?????????? ?? ZANU, Fretilin, Polisario, ??????????? EPLF, ???????? ?? FSLN, ??? ?????????? FMLN ?? ?????? MIR ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??.
?????????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???. ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. “?????? ???? ????????????? ? ?????????? ??” ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???. 1984 ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????.
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?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? (NPP) ????????? ???????????????? (gender inclusivity) ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? 21???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????. ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?, ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?. ??????? 28 ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???. 1984 ? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??. ??????????? 68 ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????.
??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??. 1984 ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ????????? ????? 52?? ????????????? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? 5.3?? ????? ??. ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????.
?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?. ??? ????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???, ????????? ????? 52 ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ????? ????, ????????????? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ???? ?????, ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??.
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?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????, ?? ????-??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ????.
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??? ??????? 16 ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ????????? ????, ??? ??????? 14 ?? 16 ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? 22 ? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ??. ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??. ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???.
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