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Muhammad Sheikh Ramzan Hossain
Chief Editor at Islamic Science-Tech Review
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?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????-??????? ??? ?? ???????? (???????????) ? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????-??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? (?????????), ????? ?? ?????????, ????? ?? ??????? ????????
???? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????-??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? (???-???) ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????
????????, ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???-?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????-?????-???????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? “?? ???? ???? ??”-?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????-???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???-????
??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? "??????????" ??? "???????" ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? "???????" ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????-???????-?? ??????? ??? "????????"?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????
??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??-?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? "???????"? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??-?? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????
?????? ?????, ??????, ??????????, ???????, ???????, ????????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ???-??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? (?????????????)? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? (?????????????)? IRRSTC ?? ???, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, ??????????, ???????, ???????, ????????, ????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???? ????????, ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?) ??????? ???????? ?? ?) ??? ???????? ?? ?) ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?) ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????IRRSTC ?? ???, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????
???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??, ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? (?????????)? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? IRRSTC ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? (?????), ?????????? ???????? ??,?????/?????? ????????
?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? IRRSTC ?? ???, ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ???, ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????-??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????????, ????????????, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ????? ???-?????????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????????
IRRSTC ?? ???, ??????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? (???????) ???????,????,???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???+??????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ???????? ???? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ??? ???, ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ??????, ????, ????, ??????, ?????, ????, ????????, ????, ???, ?????? ????????
?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???, ????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????
????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????, ???????? ????????-??????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????????? IRRSTC ?? ???, ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ....??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ???, ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??,??? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????
IRRSTC ?? ???, ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??, ?????????? ???????? ????????-???????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????
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Science is a systematic initiative that builds and organizes specialized knowledge in the form of theoretical formulas in the form of nature-based experiments, surveys, observations and reviewable interpretations of the universe, including the Earth.
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?“???????”??????? ???????“Science”??????? ????????????Science???????? ???????? ??????? ?????“Scientia”?????,???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??(???)+?????=????????
???????:???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????????,????????????? ? ??????????,???? ????????,??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????????
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??????????,??????????????,??????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????-??????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????????(?????? ??????????, ????????????????)
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????????(Research)??? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????,????? ????? ?? ???????????(Researcher)????? ???????
??????????? ???????? (???????) ?? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????,?????,??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???-??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????-????????,????????,????????????,????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????????,?? ????????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????:
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Technology is the sum of any techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation.?Wikipedia
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?????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???:??????????? ????????? ??????????? (???????????) ??? ???? (??????????) ????? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????????: (Lagrangian mechanics)????????????????? ?????????: ??????????: ???????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????????????????????: ?????? ?????????????????????:?????????????????: ????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????,???? ???????? ???????Continuum mechanics, mechanics of continua (both solid and fluid)?????? ????????????? (hydraulics):?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????(???????https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/?
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???????? ???? ???-?????? (subatomic)?????? ??? (elementary particle)??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????-???????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? (????????????) ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? 9.109×10^?31?kg???? 5.489×10^?4?amu????????????? ??-????? ???? ????? ????????,??? ???? 0.511?MeV?????? ????????
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?????????? ????????? (??????:?Quantum mechanics)??? ?????????? ????????????? (??????:?Quantum physics)??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????-?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????/??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? (??? ?????) ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????
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????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??,??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??% ?????? ?????,???% ?????? ????????? ????? ?% ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????????????? ??? ????-????? ????? ???????
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????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ???????????? ????-????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????-????????????????????????????-????? ????? ??????? (Lambda-Cold Dark Matter)??? ?????????-???? ?????? ?????) ????????????? ???? (concordance model)??? ???? ???????????? ? ??'? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???,??????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??,????????? ??????????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??,??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????????????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????(dark matter)???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
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????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??,??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??% ?????? ?????,???% ?????? ????????? ????? ?% ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????????????? ??? ????-????? ????? ???????
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????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????? ???????????? ????-????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????-????????????????????????????-????? ????? ??????? (Lambda-Cold Dark Matter)??? ?????????-???? ?????? ?????) ????????????? ???? (concordance model)??? ???? ???????????? ? ??'? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???,??????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??,????????? ??????????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??,??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????????????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????(dark matter)???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
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?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????-???????? ???? ?? ?? ??????-????? ???? ??? ??? ????? “????????? ?? ???–??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??”?(?????????????)?
?????? ????????? ????? “??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???”? ?????????? ???????? ???????-????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? “???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????” (?????????????)?
???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????-??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ? ????? ??????????
?????????? IRRSTC ?? ???, ????????? ?? ??? –??? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ?) ???? ????, ????, ????, ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????, ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????, ????????,???????,???????. ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????-???? ????? ????? ??-?? ???????????? ????????-?? ?????????? ??-?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????
IRRSTC ?? ???, ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????- ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ????? “?????” ?? “?????”?
?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? “??????? ?????? ??????”? IRRSTC ?? ???, ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? “???????” ( NATURE ) ?? ?????????? ????????? “???????????” (CREATOR)?
?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? “????? ?? ???? ????”?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? “?????????? ?????????” (Frontier Science) ????? ????????
???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???
????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????-??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????, ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????-???? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????
???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????https://bn.wikiquote.org/wiki/?????_?????
?????_????? Bolen:???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????https://bn.wikiquote.org/wiki/?????_?????
??? ???????? ???? ?????, ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? https://bn.wikiquote.org/wiki/?????_?????
??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???, ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???https://bn.wikiquote.org/wiki/?????_?????
????????? ??? ???????? Grand Unification Theory ??????????? ?????? ????-????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????????"Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind,"?
"Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality" (Carl Sagan, renewed American Physicist) ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????: "??????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???; ??? ????????????? ???? ???? ???"?
???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ??, ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????
????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????
?) ?????????? ????????????? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ??????(????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? (CMB) ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????,??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?
?) ???????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????????????,???????? ????????????????????????,????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????? ???????,????????-?????? ???????????????????(??????) - ??????????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????????
?) ????????????????????????????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????hypotheses????????? ? ????? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????????-???????????????????????????? ??????????parsec?(?????????? light-year)?
?) ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??, ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????
?) ??????? ??? ? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????,??????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????????
?) ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????????????
?) ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????
?) ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ?) ??????? ???????? ?? ?)??? ???????? ?? ?) ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?) ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???
?) IRRSTC ?? ???, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??
????? ??? ??????
??????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???PhilosophiaeNaturalis Principia Mathematica,????????? ????????????? ??????????????-?? ??????? (Classical)???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? (?????/???) ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????,???????? ???? ????????????????????????????- ?? ???? ?????????,???????????? ??????? ?????-??????,????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????,???????????,?????,???????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????(???????????)????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??,?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????,??????,????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????,??????,????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????,????????? ?????? ????,??? ?????,??????,????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????-??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????,??????,????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????,????????? ?? ?????? ??-? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? (???????????)??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica,??????????????????????? ?????????????-?? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ? ????????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? (???????????)?? ? ? ? ?
????????????,????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????- ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???;????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????????,??? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????,????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????,????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????/???? ???? ????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????,???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?. ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?. ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?. ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ? ?
???? ????????? ????? ???
??? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??,??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??, ??????? ???? ?? ???, ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????-?? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?
????????,????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ??,??????? (???????????) ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ? ???? ???????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????????? (????? ??????,?????? ???,???????? ?????????,????????? ???????????,???? ??? ?????,??????? ???????????,???????) ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ????
?????????????? ????????
?????? (???????????)??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ? ???? ?????????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????,???????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????,?????????????? ???????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????(General Relativity Theory)??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????
??? ????????? ????? ???? ???
???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????‘???’ (atom)?????? ????? ???? ??????‘?????????’ (atomas)????? ???? ??? (atom)???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? (non divided???????????????? ???,??????????? ??????????? (continuous)???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???,???????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ??,????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????‘???’ (atom)?????? ????? ???? ??????‘?????????’ (atomas)????? ???? ??? (atom)???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? (non divided???????????????? ???,??????????? ??????????? (continuous)???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???,???????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ??,??????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????’? ???? ?? ??? ????‘???????????’? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????-?? ???????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????
?????????? ?????????????
?????????? ????????? (??????:?Quantum mechanics)??? ?????????? ????????????? (??????:?Quantum physics)??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????-?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????/??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? (??? ?????) ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????
????????,???????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? (???????) ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??,????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? (??????????) ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????,?????? ??????????,?????????????,???? ?????????????,???????????????? ??? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????(??????https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki//??????????_?????????)?
??? ???? ???????????? ???????-?????????
??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????-???????? ??? ?????
???????????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??,????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????
?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????????,???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????,????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????
??????????? ????????? ??????,?????? ??????????,??????????????,???? ?????????????,???????????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????,???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????
???????????? ??????????? ???? ??????
??????? ??????????(???????:?Albert Einstein
??????? ??????????(???????:?Albert Einstein??????????? ??????????????[?alb??t???a?n?ta?n]?(????: ?? ????? ???? ??????: ?? ?????? ????)?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ??-????? ?????????? ?????,?E?=?mc2 ???????? ?? "??????? ??????? ??????? ??????" ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????-????? ????????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????
???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie.
????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????,???? ??? ?? ????? ????
?? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????
??????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? (Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbucher,?????-??) ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????,?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????,????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????,???? ??? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????"Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind." So said?Albert Einsteien.
?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? (??? ????????) ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????????????????????? ???? ?? ??????????????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??? ????????
?? ??? ????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???, "???? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????" ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????(Einstein 1905b) https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/???????_?????????
????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????????????????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????
????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ????? ???????(??????????????????????????????????????? ??????) ??????????????? ?????? ???????(?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????)? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????????,?????? ???????,?????????? ????? ?????????,????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????,?????? ??????????? ????????????,???-????? ??????? ?????????? ??????,?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????(???????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ??????),??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????????
????? ????????? ???????
???? ?????Annalen der Physik????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????"Folgerungen aus den Capillarit?tserscheinungen"????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????????????"A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions"?????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????
???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????Annalen der Physik????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???:
·???????????? ????? ??????????????????
·????????????????? ????-?????? ???????? ???????
·??????????????????? ????? ????????????????
·??????????-????? ?????-?????????E?=?mc2?????? ??????????
?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????
??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????
?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???, ‘?????? ????????’, ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????, ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ‘???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ? ????????? ?? ???? ????, ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????–???? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???, ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ‘?????????????? ?????’ (????? ?? ????????????)? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????
???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????
??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???, ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???, ?? ???????
?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???, ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????,? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?,??,??? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? (??????????) ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?,??,??? (?? ???? ?????? ????? ????) ??? ??? ????? IRRSTC ??? ???, ??????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????
??? ?????????????? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???
???? ???? ???????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
(?????? ?????????????, ??????: ?? ?????????? ????, ??: ??https://www.bigganchinta.com/physics/ufy4u0f117)
?? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? (?,??,???) ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? (?,??,???) ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? Modern Cosmological Standard Model Theory??? Physics ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? Physics ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????
IRRSTC ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?,??,??? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? (??????????) ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?,??,??? (?? ???? ?????? ????? ????) ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? (?,??,???) ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?) ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?) ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
?) ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?,??,??? ???? ??? ?) ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?,??,??? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? IRRSTC ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???-?? ?????????? ????? ????? Einstian Standard Light Force (ESLF) ?????? ??? ??? Modern Cosmological Standard Model Theory??? Physics ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? Physics ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????????
??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????
??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????-????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???,????? ???????? ??? ???, ?? ???-? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? (Black Hole)??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????- ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????????????? "Event Horizon Telescope"????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????? (Event Horizon)???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????-??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???,????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???,??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????- ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????????,????????? ???????????? (????????) ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????Event Horizon Telescope??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ? ????? ? ????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????M87????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? (??????????) ???????? ?? ????????? ???? (?????????? ?????) ??? ??? ???,??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??,??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????????? ??? (AU)??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????, Event Horizon Telescope??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???,????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???- ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????? ??-? ?????? ???????
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??? ????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????-????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????????????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???????? ?????-??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ?????-????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? (radial distance) ??? ?????? ????
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?????? ????computer system?unit??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????computer?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????????CPU???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????????CPU??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ???????????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????CPU???? ?????? ????
?.?A.L.U= Arithmetic Logical Unit.??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????
?.?C.U. =Control Unit.???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????
??????compute????? ?????Computer??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????????computer????? ?)??????? ?) ??????? (????) ????????????? ???? ?????? (Data input)????? ???? ???????????? (processing)?????? ?? ????? (output)?????? ????
?Computer??? ????????? ??????
??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????????Abacas a wooden frame with halls strung on parallel wires.???? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? (?????? ???? ??????? ???????-?, (???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????,????????? ?? ????????? ???????,??? ?????????,?????),???? ??
?? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? (?Sorbian)????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???-????? ???? ??????
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???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????
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????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? (?Programme)???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? (Instruction)?????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? (Binary Code System)??????? ????? (?) ??? ?? (?) ?? ??????? ???? ??? (????????? ?????? ??) ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????
??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????-??? (????????? ??? ??)?
??????? ????? (?Hollerith Machine)
???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????,??????? (?????????) ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? (??? ??)?
???-?
???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????Computer Company IBM.??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????Bell-1. ??? ?????Mechanical Complex Calculator.
????????? ??????????
???? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? (Howard Aiken)???IBM (International Business Machine)???????? ??????Electrical Computer????????? ????? ???? ????Mark-1. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? (????) ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??? (??????) ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????Computer??????? (??????) ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????? (??? ??)
????? ?????????
???? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ???????Computer-?? ????? ????? ???????Computer??? ??? ????ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer).
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??????????? ???????? ????Computer??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????Computer?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????????Computer??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? (Generation)????????? ?????????
????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????,??????????,??????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????Computer????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????
??????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???Computer-? ?????? ???? ???? ????????,????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????,??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ?????????????Computer???????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????Computer????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????-?? ??????
????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????IC Integrated???? ??? ? ??????????Computer-??IC Integrated???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????Computer????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ???
?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ???????? (????) ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????LSI (Large Scale Integration)???VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)?????Semi Conductor Memory????? ? ??????????Computer???????VLSI????? ???? ????????????? ?? ?????????-?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? (Kenbak)????? ????? ???????-????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????IBM????????? ????????? ???????? ????Computer??????? ???? ??????IBM????????? ?????? ?????????????Computer?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????ROM (Read only Memory), PROM, EPROM???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????, Programming Language, DOS, Widows, Unix Operating System?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? (????????? ??? ??)
????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????Supper VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) Clip?????Optical Fiber??? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ? (??? ??)
????:????????-?????????? ??????(Fuel)??? ????????
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1.??????↑?Russel, Bertrand (????)??Principles of mathematics?(2????????)??Forgotten Books?????????125???????????1-4400-5416-9?,?Chapter 14, page 125
2.??????↑?Menninger, Karl (????)??Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers??Courier Dover Publications?????????401???????????0-486-27096-3?
3.??????↑?""zero, n.". OED Online. December 2011. Oxford University Press. (accessed March 04, 2012)."????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????????????-??-???
4.??????↑?"cipher | cypher, n.". OED Online. December 2011. Oxford University Press. (accessed 4 March 2012).
5.??????↑?Merriam Webster online Dictionary
6.??????↑?George Gheverghese Joseph (????)??The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (Third Edition)??Princeton?????????86???????????978-0-691-13526-7?
7.??????↑?Kaplan, Robert. (2000).?The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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