??????? ????-??? ?? ????-?????

??????? ????-??? ?? ????-?????

????? ?????? ???????? (?????? ??) ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? "???? ???????? ? ????? ??????" ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ????? ???? (????) ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? – ?????? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? 1960 ?. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ????? ????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? "?????? ??????" ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? (??????? D. Godschalk). ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. #????? #??????? (???????) (Social Learning) ? #????? #??????? (Social Guidance) ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ?? #?????? ???? #???????? (Advocacy Planning) ???? ?? ???. ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????.

?? ?????? ???? ??????????

??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??????-???. ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? (?????) ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? – ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ????? (???????) ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? (?????) ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? (???? M. Rein). ???????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ?? "???? ?????? ???? ??????" ??? (???????? Davidoff). ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???.

? ?????? ???????

??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? –??????? ????? ?????? "#?????? #????" (Active Society) ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? (???????? Etzioni). ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???. ????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????. ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ????? (Knowledge – Consciousness – Power) ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????.

?????? ???????

?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ???? - ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? - ???? (????) ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? (?????) ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? - ???? ???. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? #?????? ???? "#????????/ ???????? (?????? / ??????)" (Transactive) ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? (??? ??????? Johan Fridmann). ?????? ????? ?? (?????)? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???.

??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? (Johann Albrecht) ?? ?????“Development, context, and Purpose of Planning” ? ???? ??? 1986 ?????? ???? ??? ???.


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Hammid Ahmad Wani

Urban Planner | | Ex - Chief Town Planner,Writer, Content creator,Freelance journalist,Urbanist.

2 个月

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