?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????: ????? ??????? ?????

???????

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????.

?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? "?????? ????"? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? (1909-1997)? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????.

??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????.

??????? ???????? ??????

???? ????? ??????? ???????? "?????? ????" (2020) ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????:

1.???? ???? ??????????: ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????.

2.???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????: ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ????. ?

3.???? ???? ???????: ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????.

4.???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????: ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????.

???? ?????? "?????? ????" ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? (????? ??????????? 2015? ? 131).

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????

????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? "??????? ??????" (1958)? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????: "?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????" (?????? 1969? ? 15-16).

??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????:

·?????? ?????? ???????: ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? "?????? ????????" (??????? ????????? a2018)? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????.

·?????? ?????? ?????????: ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ?????? "?? ???????" ????? ??????? ?? ?????? "??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????" (?????? 1969? ? 22) – ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.

???? ??????????? ?????????? (?????? ?????) ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? (?????? ?????) ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? (????? ??????????? 2015).

????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????. ???? ???? ???????: ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????

???? ????? ??? ???: ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????

???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? (1806-1873)? ???? ???? ?? ????? "?? ??????" (1859) ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? "????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????" (????? ?? ????? ??????????? 2015? ? 136).

???? "???? ????? ??? ???" ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????.

????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? (??????? ????????? b2018).

????? "???? ????? ??? ???" ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????.

????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????: ????? ??????

???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????.

????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????.

?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.

????? ??????? ?? ??????: ?? ?????? ??? ?????

???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (?????? 1931) ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? "?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????" (1979). ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? (????? ??????????? 2015? ? 144).

?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????: ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????: ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????

??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? (??????? ????????? c2018).

??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????. ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

?????? ??? ??????: ????? ?????? ????? ??????

????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? (1712-1778). ?? ????? "????? ?????????" (1762)? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????.

???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? "??????? ??????". ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????: "??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????" (????? ]1994 [1762).

??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? "??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????" (????? ?? ????? ??????????? 2015? ? 142). ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? "?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????" (??????? ????????? d2018).

?????? ??????????: ??????? ?????????

????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????. ??????? ?????????? ????? "???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????" (??????? ????????? e2018). ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????. ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????????.

????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????????? (????? ?????? ?????????)? ??? ?????????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? (??????? ????????? f2018). ??? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????.

???????

???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ????? "?????? ????" ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.

??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????.

References

Berlin, I. (1969) Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Freedom House (2020) Global Freedom [Online]. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/explore-the-map?type=fiw&year=2020 (Accessed: July 26, 2023).

O’Cain, A. and Prokhovnik, R. (2015) Freedom, in Andrews, G., Czajka, A., O’Cain, A., and Prokhovink, R. (eds.) Understanding Politics: Ideas and Institutions in the Modern World 1, Milton Keynes, The Open University.

The Open University (2018a) “2 A classic text on freedom” [Online], DD211 Understanding politics: ideas and institutions in the modern world. Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1302795&section=3 (Accessed: December 8, 2018).

The Open University (2018b) “3 Smoking in public places and freedom” [Online], DD211 Understanding politics: ideas and institutions in the modern world. Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1302795&section=4 ?(Accessed: December 11, 2018).

The Open University (2018c) “2.1?Summarising extracts from ‘Two concepts of liberty’” [Online], DD211 Understanding politics: ideas and institutions in the modern world. Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1302795&section=3.1 (Accessed: December 11, 2018).

The Open University (2018d) “4.1?Review of Chapter 5” [Online], DD211 Understanding politics: ideas and institutions in the modern world. Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1302795&section=5.1 (Accessed: December 11, 2018).

The Open University (2018e) “6 Capitalism and freedom” [Online], DD211 Understanding politics: ideas and institutions in the modern world. Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1302795&section=7 ?(Accessed: December 12, 2018).

The Open University (2018f) “6 Capitalism and freedom” [Audio], DD211 Understanding politics: ideas and institutions in the modern world. Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1302795&section=7 ?(Accessed: December 12, 2018).

Rousseau, J.J. (1994 [1762]) The Social Contract, NY, Oxford University Press.