Using gganimate in R (one can also do this in Python) to show what causal inference methods actually do to data: Evidence from Differences-in-Differences: Differences-in-Differences (DiD) Method: A Quick Overview for the GIF below The Differences-in-Differences (DiD) method is a powerful statistical technique used to estimate the causal effect of a treatment or intervention. It compares the changes in outcomes over time between a group that is exposed to the treatment and a group that is not. Here’s a simple breakdown: Two Groups: Identify a treatment group (exposed to the intervention) and a control group (not exposed). Two Time Periods: Measure outcomes for both groups before and after the intervention. Difference Calculation: Calculate the difference in outcomes for each group over time. Comparison: The key insight comes from comparing these differences between the two groups. This helps isolate the effect of the intervention from other factors that may just correlate with but not actually cause the difference. That's basically why it's called "the difference-in-the-difference." (DiD). Why Use DiD? Causal Inference: Helps determine if changes in outcomes can be attributed to the intervention. Control for Trends: Accounts for trends that affect both groups equally, improving accuracy. Example: Imagine a nonprofit or university implements a new training program to boost donations. By comparing donations growth before and after the program for both trained and untrained employees, DiD can help assess the program’s true impact.
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Avoid These 5 Common Python Pitfalls for Data Preparation!?? Python is an invaluable tool for data preparation, but it's essential to be aware of common pitfalls. Here are five issues you might encounter and how to navigate them: ? Missing Values and Booleans: Don't confuse missing values (NaN) with boolean values. While False, None, and 0 evaluate to False, missing values do not. This can lead to confusion and unexpected behavior. ? Comparing Missing Values: NaN == NaN will always return false because it's impossible to know if the two missing values are the same. Be cautious when attempting comparisons involving missing values. ? Understanding all(): Remember that the all() method returns true if there are no false elements in the iterable, including empty iterables. Don't expect all([]) to return false—it actually returns true. ? Converting to Bool Values: When converting to bool values, Pandas raises a ValueError if it's unclear whether the result should be True or False. Use a.empty(), a.bool(), a.item(), a.any(), or a.all() instead. ? Results of isin() Operation: The isin() operation returns a Boolean series indicating whether each element in the Series is exactly contained in the passed sequence of values. Be aware of what the operation is checking for. Avoid these pitfalls to streamline your data preparation process and ensure accurate results! ?? #datacleaning #data #ai #ml #dataprocessing #datascience #analytics #TechTips
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Excited to share that I've completed my Match Prediction project using Machine Learning! This project allowed me to further develop my skills in Model Building and Python. I am looking forward to applying these skills to future projects in other areas. - https://lnkd.in/edvWaVpv #MachineLearning #DataScience #AI
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?? ?????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????: ???????????????? ??????????????, ?????????????? ??????????????????????, ??????????????????????, ?????? ???????????? ????????????????????! Python offers a rich set of tools to streamline tasks and boost productivity. Here’s an overview of key concepts: ??? ???????????????? ??????????????: Modules are files containing functions and variables, which can be imported and used in your projects. Python comes with pre-installed modules like `math`, `os`, and `collections`, which provide functionality for mathematics, file handling, and data structures. ?? ?????????????? ??????????????????????: Regular expressions (regex) are powerful for text searching and manipulation. Using Python’s `re` module, you can perform pattern matching, substitutions, and much more. ?? ??????????????????????:?? Quantifiers in regex define how many times a pattern should occur. From zero or more (`*`), one or more (`+`), to a specific range `{n,m}`, they help in creating dynamic pattern searches. ?? ???????????? ????????????????????: Python's string manipulation is flexible and efficient. Whether it's slicing, concatenation, or formatting using `f-strings`, Python makes handling text data simple. Thanks to Kalika Mehtani for the incredible support in helping prepare this overview!
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Want to become a data ninja? ?? Regex in Python is a powerful tool for pattern matching, searching, and data cleanup. It’s like a Swiss Army knife ??? for text, making tasks like validation and data extraction easier and faster. 1. What is Regex?: Regex, or Regular Expressions, helps you find and match patterns in text quickly. ?? 2. Quick Pattern Matching: Use regex to search for emails, dates, or specific words in large text. ???? 3. Easy Text Cleanup: With regex, remove unwanted characters like spaces or punctuation in seconds. ??? 4. Flexible Searching: Create patterns for any type of text with special characters like \d for digits or \w for words. ???? 5. Endless Applications: From data validation to web scraping, regex makes text processing efficient in Python! ???? Follow RUBAN S for more!!!!
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##RegularExpression in Python #Python
Data Engineer | Python Developer | Data Scientist | Aerospace Engineer | SQL | AWS Cloud Practitioner Certified | PySpark | Github Actions
Master Regular Expressions in Python with this guide! Regular expressions (regex) are essential for text pattern matching. Python’s re module simplifies working with regex. Basics: 1?? Literal Characters: Match themselves. 2?? Special Characters: . ^ $ * + ? { } [ ] ( ) | \ have special meanings. 3?? Character Classes: ? [abc]: Matches ‘a’, ‘b’, or ‘c’. ? [a-z]: Matches lowercase letters. ? \d: Any digit; \s: Whitespace; \w: Alphanumeric. Key Functions: - re.match, re.search, re.findall, re.sub. Advanced Concepts: - Groups: Capture parts of matches using (). - Lookaheads/Lookbehinds: Assert conditions without consuming text. Regex powers tasks like: - email validation. - password checks. - web scraping. Download the PDF for examples and more! *** Want to learn more about regex in Python? Ask any question you have and get AI-powered explanations and ?? recommendations for the best learning resources. ?? https://lnkd.in/d2_GpPzU
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???????????? ???????????? ?? ?? Python can distinguish among data types such as integers, floats, strings, and Booleans. ??Integers are whole numbers that can be positive or negative. Floats include integers as well as decimal numbers between the integers. ??You can convert integers to floats using typecasting, but you cannot convert a float to an integer. ??You can convert integers and floats to strings. ??You can convert an integer or float value to True (1) or False (0). ??Expressions in Python are a combination of values and operations used to produce a single result. ??Expressions perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and so on. ??We use"https://" to round off integer divisions, resulting in float values. ??Python follows the order of operations (BODMASS) to perform operations with multiple expressions. ??Variables store and manipulate data, allowing you to access and modify values throughout your code. ??The assignment operator "=" assigns a value to a variable. ??":" denotes the value of the variable within the code. ??Assigning another value to the same variable overrides the previous value of that variable. ??You can perform mathematical operations on variables using the same or different variables. ??While performing operations with various variables, modifying a value in one variable will lead to changes in the other variables. ??Python string operations involve manipulating text data using tasks such as indexing, concatenation, slicing, and formatting. ??A string is usually written within double quotes or single quotes, including letters, white space, digits, or special characters. A string attaches to another variable and is an ordered sequence of characters.
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Daily Tip: Handling categorical data with One-Hot Encoding in Python Working with machine learning or analytics? You’ve likely encountered categorical variables—values like "Yes/No," "Red/Blue/Green," or "Small/Medium/Large." ?????? While these categories are essential for understanding patterns, machine learning algorithms often struggle with non-numeric data. That’s where one-hot encoding comes to the rescue! ?? What is One-Hot Encoding? It’s a technique that transforms categorical variables into numerical columns by creating binary indicators for each unique category. This approach ensures that algorithms can interpret the data without introducing unintended order or bias. ? Why is this useful? Preserves information: Each category is represented clearly. Removes bias: Avoids assuming any natural order in categories. Machine-friendly: Models can now use this transformed data efficiently. ?? One-hot encoding is a foundational technique in data preprocessing for machine learning, analytics, and BI workflows. #Python #DataScience #MachineLearning #DataAnalytics #Pandas #DataWrangling #DataPreprocessing
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?? Mastering Python Regular Expressions for Data Analysis ?? As part of my Python learning roadmap for data analysis, I explored an excellent tutorial on Python Regular Expressions by DataCamp. Regular Expressions (Regex) are essential for handling and analyzing text data, especially for tasks like: ? Pattern Matching: Finding specific sequences in text. ? Text Extraction: Pulling useful data from unstructured text. ? Data Cleaning: Removing unwanted characters and inconsistencies. Running the code through DataLab gave me hands-on experience and deeper understanding. Key Concepts and Code Examples 1. Basics of Regular Expressions ? Learn about metacharacters like . for matching any character and anchors like ^ for the start or $ for the end of strings. 2. Pattern Matching in Text ? Use functions like re.search() to find specific patterns, such as extracting an order ID from text. 3. Substitutions and Cleaning Data ? Replace unwanted characters (e.g., dashes in phone numbers) using substitution methods to clean data efficiently. 4. Advanced Patterns with Groups ? Extract specific components (e.g., timestamps in logs) using grouping to isolate relevant parts of a pattern. Challenges & Insights While practicing: ? ??? Challenges: Handling greedy vs. non-greedy quantifiers to avoid capturing more than intended. ? ?? Insights: Regex saves time and effort in processing large datasets, especially for repetitive text operations. Why This Matters for Data Analysts Regex is indispensable in: ? Parsing log files for structured data like timestamps. ? Cleaning and standardizing messy datasets. ? Extracting features for machine learning models. ?? Recommended Resources Check out DataCamp’s tutorial (https://lnkd.in/g8GvytuZ) and Python’s official documentation (https://lnkd.in/gizP56c9) to get started! ?? What About You? Have you used Regex in your projects? Let’s share tips and ideas in the comments! #Python #Regex #DataAnalysis #DataScience #LearningPython #TextProcessing #CleanData #CodingJourney
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Explore the cases in which Excel cannot keep up, why using Python within Excel is not enough, how Python deals with what Excel cannot do, and exactly how you can start transforming your data analysis game with Python. Read more from Ari Joury, PhD. #Python #Excel
Excel Spreadsheets Are Dead for Big Data. Companies Need More Python Instead.
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Learning Python: Day 7 – Unlocking the Power of Regular Expressions Today was an exciting day in my Python for Everybody specialization journey! I explored one of the most powerful tools in programming: Regular Expressions (regex). This skill is crucial for data extraction, validation, and transformation, and I’m thrilled to share my key takeaways. What I Learned Today ?? What are Regular Expressions? Regular expressions are sequences of characters used to match patterns in text. They are incredibly versatile and widely used in text processing, data cleaning, and web scraping. ?? Key Symbols in Regex: .: Matches any character except a newline. ^: Matches the start of a string. $: Matches the end of a string. *: Matches zero or more repetitions. +: Matches one or more repetitions. []: Matches a set of characters. \d: Matches any digit (0–9). \s: Matches any whitespace character. \w: Matches any word character (letters, digits, underscore). ?? Practical Applications: Validation: Verifying email addresses, phone numbers, or passwords. Text Search: Extracting specific data patterns from files or strings. Data Cleaning: Removing unwanted characters or formatting text. Hands-On Practice I worked on practical examples like: Finding all email addresses in a text file. Extracting phone numbers from a string. Validating user inputs with regex patterns. ?? Pro Tip: Start simple and gradually build complex patterns. Tools like regex101 are great for testing your patterns! Why This Matters Regex is a game-changer for working with textual data. Whether you’re a developer, data scientist, or just curious about text manipulation, regex can save you hours of work. What’s your favorite regex use case? Let me know in the comments! #Day7 #LearningPython #RegularExpressions #Regex #PythonProgramming #CodingJourney #TextProcessing
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5 个月This is very helpful. Thank you Dr. I also have a question. In situations where one is not able to measure outcomes before the intervention, is the PSM okay and if yes, what sample size is best if it is for my thesis and not a bigger project.