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The primary purpose of this design manual is to furnish engineering information for use in designing transmission lines. Good line design should result in high continuity of service, long life of physical equipment, low maintenance costs, and safe operation. This guide publication is a reference containing fundamental engineering guidelines and basic recommendations on structural and electrical aspects of transmission line design, as well as explanations and illustrations. Download guide (PDF) https://lnkd.in/dM8NSbr

#Electrical_Load_Calculations_and_Design_Simplified I'm excited to share an easy-to-understand guide on electrical load calculations and cable design. Step 1: Determine the Type of Load There are two main types of loads: ??????1. Static Loads: Examples include lighting, heaters, etc. ??????2. Dynamic Loads: ·???????????- A: Loads >15HP (11KW) ·???????????- B: Loads <15HP (11KW) Step 2: Choose the Cable Size Once you determine the current rating (Ir), the correction current (Ic) is calculated: Ic = Ir / D.F. Where D.F. is the Derating Factor, which depends on: ·????????- Cable laying method (air or ground) ·????????- Ambient temperature ·????????- Single-core or multi-core cables ·????????- Insulation type (PVC, XLPE, etc.) ·????????- Trench depth, and more. After finding Ic, consider: ????1. Voltage level: MV (Medium Voltage) or LV (Low Voltage) ?? ?2. Cable cores: Single-core or Multi-core ?? ?3. Material: Aluminum (Al) or Copper (Cu) ????4. Protection: Armored or Unarmored ????5. Laying conditions: Ground or Air ???6. Insulation type: PVC or XLPE Step 3: Calculate the Voltage Drop Voltage drop (V.D) must be within permissible limits: V.D (1-Ph) = 2 × L × I × (R cos φ + X sin φ) V.D (3-Ph) = √3 × L × I × (R cos φ + X sin φ) Where: ·????????- X = 2 × π × f × L: Reactance ·????????- R: Resistance in Ohms/KM ·????????- L: Length in KM For MV, datasheets typically provide R and X. For LV, voltage drop values are often provided directly in the datasheet. Step 4: Determine the Short-Circuit Current for the Cable To ensure safety, calculate the cable's short-circuit capacity. Two methods can be used: ????1. From Datasheet: Use the provided S.C. value for the cable size and duration. ??2. Manual Calculation: ·???????????- For Copper (Cu) cables: I_s.c = 9 × √t × I_s.c ·???????????- For Aluminum (Al) cables: I_s.c = 14.2 × √t × I_s.c Ensure the cable’s short-circuit current exceeds the breaker’s critical current. Step 5: Select Neutral and Earthing Cable Sizes ?1. Neutral Cable: ??????- For electronic loads with 3rd harmonics: C.S.A_neutral = C.S.A_phase ??????- If C.S.A_phase ≤ 35mm2: C.S.A_neutral = C.S.A_phase ??- If C.S.A_phase > 35mm2: C.S.A_neutral = 0.5 × C.S.A_phase ?2. Earthing Cable: ?????- If C.S.A_phase ≤ 16mm2: C.S.A_earth = C.S.A_phase ?????- If C.S.A_phase = 25 or 35mm2: C.S.A_earth = 16mm2 ?????- If C.S.A_phase > 35mm2: C.S.A_earth = 0.5 × C.S.A_phase #ElectricalDesign #LoadCalculations #CableSizing #Engineering #PowerSystems

#???????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? An Electrical Drawings Table of Content (TOC) is a critical document that outlines the scope, organization, and details of electrical design projects, ensuring clarity and ease of navigation. The TOC provides a structured framework for electrical drawings, schedules, and specifications, covering aspects such as circuit diagrams, wiring layouts, panel configurations, and equipment lists. #????????????????????????????: Page number is usually E01, E001, E0001, depending on the anticipated pages the drawings will have. Dear #Architects, for prompt delivery of standard #BOQ, #Structural, and #MEP drawings, contact +2347064234077. #Architecture #StructuralEngineering #MechanicalEngineering #ElectricalEngineering #ProjectManagement

???????????????????? ?????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????? ? ???????????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????’?? ???????????????????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????—?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????. The stakes are high: designs must be energy-efficient, sustainable, scalable for future needs, and—most importantly—free from costly errors that can derail a project. ?????? ????????’?? ?????? ??????????????????: The reality on the ground is often very different. We frequently encounter incomplete consultant designs where crucial details like cable sizes, protective devices, and vertical distribution on low-voltage schematic and layout drawings are missing or incorrect. This oversight can lead to significant issues down the line, such as: ? ???????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????? that don’t accommodate the required cabling, resulting in costly redesigns. ? ???????????????????? ??????-?????????????? ???????????????????? that fail to detail the correct cable sizes or protective devices, jeopardising selectivity studies and leading to increased sub-main cable sizes. ? ?????????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????, creating confusion about where supplies should go, leading to delays and rework during installation. ?????? ?????? ??????????????? Detailed planning, expert overview, and thorough design are not just optional—they are essential. Properly assessing power demands, ensuring compliance with regulations, and future-proofing designs for emerging technologies are all critical steps to avoid operational inefficiencies. Yet, despite knowing this, the industry still struggles with throat-cutting competition and the tendency to award contracts purely on price, often sacrificing quality. This approach doesn’t just affect project timelines—it affects the safety, efficiency, and long-term performance of the building itself. ????, ????????’?? ?????? ????????????????? It’s time to rethink how we approach electrical design. By prioritising quality over cost and ensuring that detailed technical designs are completed and vetted by specialists before moving forward, we can avoid many of the pitfalls that plague projects today. ???????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????? Let’s share our experiences and work together to raise the standard for future projects. #ElectricalDesign #ConstructionQuality #FutureProofing #SustainableConstruction ?????????? PROJECT DESIGN (IO) LTD

#???????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? An Electrical Load Summary Schedule is a comprehensive document outlining the electrical load requirements of a building or facility. It summarizes the connected loads, demand factors, and diversity factors for various electrical systems. The Electrical Load Summary Schedule ensures a safe and efficient electrical system design, prevents electrical hazards, and guides the selection of electrical equipment and materials. #????????????????????????????: Load Summary Schedule is a major determinant of the Changeover Ratings. Dear #Architects, for prompt delivery of standard #BOQ, #Structural, and #MEP drawings, contact +2347064234077. #Architecture #StructuralEngineering #MechanicalEngineering #ElectricalEngineering #ProjectManagement

#???????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? An Electrical Power Layout is a detailed design plan outlining the distribution and placement of electrical power systems in a building or facility. A well-designed Electrical Power Layout minimizes power losses, reduces electrical hazards and ensures compliance with relevant electrical codes and regulations. #????????????????????????????: Sockets for High Loads Should be positioned higher than Sockets for Low-Loads Dear #Architects, for prompt delivery of standard #BOQ, #Structural, and #MEP drawings, contact +2347064234077. #Architecture #StructuralEngineering #MechanicalEngineering #ElectricalEngineering #ProjectManagement

"All work must conform to NEC latest adopted edition" is a terrible general note to put on your drawings for three reasons. First, contractors are required to meet the NEC when they build. Telling them to follow it doesn't release any party from liability. Second, "latest" just sounds like "who has time to look up what is the relevant code adoption for every project?" even though this is fundamental to the approach every time you start something new. Finally, notes should be informative! Irrelevant content distracts from the relevant, so make every note count. What are some of your best and worst notes you've seen on drawings? I'm not just asking about electrical. What about my mechanical, structural, and architectural connections?

Sketch Notations: - XFMR: transformer -H: hot wire -N: neutral/return wire Two Engineers disagreed on the grounding of the neutral. They went to a white board and drew sketches (A), (B) , and (C) to support their discussions. The load is located in a steel case about 50 feet from the transformer. The case is grounded. This situation could be encountered in a substation (cabinets, etc.) Engineer 1—argued that the neutral should be grounded at the transformer as shown in sketch (A) point 1. This way the neutral and case grounds are independent. Engineer 2—argued the neutral should be grounded at the load by tying the neutral to the case ground as shown in sketch (B) point 3. Engineer 1—also asserted that if the neutral wire would break as shown in sketch (C) point 2, the case would be elevated to the source voltage (120 volts in this example), which could lead to an electric shock (could be even dangerous) if someone touched the case. Engineer 3—was at his desk but overheard the discussion. He told Engineer 2 that if the conductor, in sketch (B), connecting the neutral to the case is long enough, it could create a voltage at the case that if it were large enough, it would cause an electric shock if someone touched the case. Engineer 4— also overheard the discussion and made a comment that if the neutral needs to be grounded at the load, a third wire should be brought to the load for grounding the neutral at the load. Which grounding is sound? (You can leave your answer in the comment section. LinkedIn does not give an option for choices when you insert a sketch). (1) Engineer 1’s proposal. (2) Engineer 2’s proposal. (3) other.

The Network Rail third rail Area has approximately 4,400 track km at nominal 750-volt dc. Safe operation of the traction supply system is maintained by preventing significant deterioration of the cable system supplying the conductor rail. This deterioration is mainly attributable to the ageing of cable insulation, environmental exposure, and abrasion from track maintenance. Much of the ‘Southern’ electrification was completed prior to 1940 and significant areas are approaching 100 years of service. Traditionally, cables were manufactured using copper conductors, however due to escalating cost of copper in the late 1960s, and early 1970s, this cable became the target for theft, and an alternative conductor material in the form of Aluminium became very attractive. When surveying cables it is necessary for the surveyor to be able to identify the various type of cable now present on the system, and these are described below: 1)?????VIR/VB Copper Cables – Up to the late 1950s 2)?????Butyl/PCP Copper Cables - 1960s 3)?????Butyl/Hypalon Copper Cables - 1970s 4)?????Introduction of Aluminium Cables - late 1970s 5)?????CSP insulated Cables - from late 1980s ? Phase Design & Engineering try and do things differently from others, when it comes to detailed ETE surveys, assessments and checks of assets. Here the teams are out surveying for future ETE works, coming across a Butyl/PCP Copper Cables (number 2 in the list above). A 630mm2 Cu DC continuity cable, positioned around a low-speed (600mm) expansion gap. Understanding the historical considerations helps the wider design and engineering team in making key decisions on new proposals, reuse of equipment and future proofing, as well as supporting the RAM Team, Maintainer and NR project team with accurate site information and recommendations.

#???????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????????? An Electrical Load Summary Schedule is a comprehensive document outlining the electrical load requirements of a building or facility. It summarizes the connected loads, demand factors, and diversity factors for various electrical systems. The Electrical Load Summary Schedule ensures a safe and efficient electrical system design, prevents electrical hazards, and guides the selection of electrical equipment and materials. #????????????????????????????: Load Summary Schedule is a major determinant of the Changeover Ratings. Dear #Architects, for prompt delivery of standard #BOQ, #Structural, and #MEP drawings, contact +2347064234077. #Architecture #StructuralEngineering #MechanicalEngineering #ElectricalEngineering #ProjectManagement