The Cannabinoid Research Institute

Nearly one-third (32%) of medical cannabis patients cite chronic pain as their primary condition for medical cannabis use, with anxiety the second most common (26.8%) followed by insomnia (18.5%).

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There are a few myths floating around in the cannabis community about the difference between indica and sativa. The most popular seems to be the idea that all indicas produce a heavy, sedative body high, while all sativas provide uplifting, energetic effects. Another common misconception is that indicas have more THC than sativas. Neither of these is true. There was a time when you might have been able to make clear distinctions between the two, but those days are long gone. Decades of hybridization and underground breeding have blurred the lines. Unless you’re lucky enough to get your hands on a landrace strain, there’s no such thing as a “pure” indica or sativa anymore. The strains available today are all hybrids—some more indica-dominant, others more sativa-dominant Ethan Russo, MD, a board-certified neurologist and leading cannabis researcher, explains it best: “You cannot tell the effects a plant will have based on its shape—the shape of its leaflets, its size, or how tall it is. What we really should be homing in on is the chemical composition of the plant.” The common perception of indicas as relaxing and sativas as energizing stems from their historical use and general traits. However, the effects of any strain are determined far more by its cannabinoid (THC, CBD, etc.) content and terpene profile (like myrcene or limonene) than by whether it’s labeled as indica or sativa. That’s why some strains classified as indica can be energizing, while some sativas might feel sedative. The chemical makeup of the plant matters more than its lineage. It’s not just about how the plant grows; cannabinoids and terpenes dictate the effects. After years of breeding and crossbreeding, the terms “indica” and “sativa” don’t hold much weight anymore. If you want to know how a strain will affect you, look beyond those labels and focus on the cannabinoids and terpenes. So, the next time you visit a dispensary or coffeeshop, don’t just ask for an indica or sativa. Instead, talk to the staff about terpenes and cannabinoids that suit the effects you’re looking for. You might discover your new favorite strain that way. ?? #CannabisEducation #CannabisScience #CannabisCommunity #CannabisIndustry #CannabisResearch #CannabisCulture #CannabisAwareness #CannabisKnowledge #CannabisFacts #CannabisMyths

Tips for Grafting Fruit Trees correctly Materials Needed Sharp grafting knife Grafting tape or rubber bands Rootstock and scion wood Pruning shears Rubbing alcohol (for sterilization) Grafting sealant or wax Step-by-Step Guide 1. Choosing Rootstock and Scion Rootstock: Select healthy, disease-resistant rootstock compatible with the scion variety. Scion: Choose scion wood from a healthy, productive tree, ensuring it matches the rootstock diameter and has several buds. 2. Timing Best Season: Late winter or early spring before buds swell. 3. Preparing the Tools Sterilize Tools: Clean with rubbing alcohol to prevent disease transmission. 4. Making the Cuts Rootstock Cut: Make a clean cut on the rootstock (whip and tongue, cleft, or bark graft depending on size). Scion Cut: Match the cut on the scion to the rootstock. For whip and tongue grafts, make a diagonal cut with a small slit. 5. Joining Rootstock and Scion Align Cambium Layers: Carefully align the green cambium layers. Secure the Graft: Bind with grafting tape or rubber bands to ensure good contact. 6. Protecting the Graft Seal the Graft: Apply grafting sealant or wax to prevent moisture loss and disease. Labeling: Label with the date and varieties of rootstock and scion. 7. Aftercare Watering: Keep well-watered but avoid waterlogging. Sunlight: Place in indirect sunlight to avoid stressing the graft. Pruning: Remove shoots below the graft union to direct energy to the scion. 8. Monitoring and Maintenance Check the Graft: Inspect regularly for new growth and signs of failure. Remove Tape: Once healed, remove the tape to prevent girdling. Support: Provide support if needed to protect the graft. Tips for Success Practice Makes Perfect: Grafting improves with practice. Experiment with different techniques. Healthy Materials: Use healthy, disease-free rootstock and scion. Patience: Allow time for the graft to heal and grow. Don't be discouraged by initial failures. By following these steps, you can successfully graft fruit trees, enjoying the benefits of improved fruit quality and tree performance.

"One on the primary reasons I love to ingest Kief is for all the goodies that come from that flower, off the trichome we get: Terpenes, Flavonoids, Enzymes, Polyphenols of other types, Cannabinoids, Metabolites of all of it, and a few other nice natural things I can capsule up and take as much of it as I want as it's got to be the most affordable way to medicate there is!" -Mike Robinson, founder Nanobles Corp. / Global Cannabinoid Research Center (GCRC)

A recent study published in the journal Insects found that hemp-derived CBD kills yellow fever mosquitoes in their larval phase within 48 hours of application.

Recent research highlights an intriguing connection between our gut microbiome and the endocannabinoid system (ECS), particularly influencing pain pathways. This interplay between the microbiome and the ECS is not just theoretical—it has been demonstrated in models whereby manipulating gut microbes impacted pain sensitivity. The gut microbiota influences pain pathways by affecting gut permeability, immune activation, and the release of various neurotransmitters and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Research suggests that the microbiome can influence the ECS by altering cannabinoid receptor expression and endocannabinoid levels, which subsequently modulates pain perception. The ECS is deeply involved in modulating both acute and chronic pain through its activity in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. ???????? ???? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????????: ?????????????????????? ????????: This is the body’s normal response to harmful stimuli. ???????????????????????? ????????: This type of pain is caused by tissue damage which activates the immune system, which releases pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators like prostaglandins. ?????????????????????? ????????: This arises from nerve damage or dysfunction and is often chronic and difficult to treat. ??????????????????????????????????: THC activates both CB1 and CB2 receptors, producing analgesic effects, especially in neuropathic pain. CBD, while not directly activating these receptors, influences the ECS by inhibiting enzymes like FAAH, thereby increasing endocannabinoid levels, which in turn reduces pain and inflammation. ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????: Compounds that inhibit the breakdown of endocannabinoids elevate the body’s natural levels of anandamide and 2-AG, enhancing ECS activity. ???????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????: Certain probiotics have been shown to reduce pain sensitivity by increasing endocannabinoid activity in the gut and CNS. ???????????????????? ???? ?????? ???????????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????: A healthy gut microbiota maintains the integrity of the gut barrier when disrupted, harmful molecules can translocate from the gut into the bloodstream, triggering an inflammatory response. Endocannabinoids play a critical role in maintaining gut barrier function. Certain gut bacteria also produce neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, which interact with the ECS. These neurotransmitters modulate pain signals by affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and pain-processing regions in the brain. By targeting both the ECS and the microbiome it may be possible to develop more effective treatments for chronic pain conditions. Rea, K., O' Mahony, S. M., & Cryan, J. F. (2021). High and Mighty? Cannabinoids and the microbiome in pain. Neurobiology of Pain, 9, 100061. ?https://lnkd.in/eh3_7ukN

Does your minor cannabinoid producer use chiral chromatography? Do they even know what an enantiomer is? New research by first author Michael Udoh, PhD at Macquarie University, Australia and collaborators at BayMedica show that only one chiral form of CBC is the biologically active form at CB2. CBC is near an dear to me because my former group bred one of the only CBC-rich varieties of cannabis. However, the vast majority - if not all - of CBC on the market is synthetically produced. Presumably in roughly equal ratios of enantiomers. What's in your gummies/vapes/tinctures? Even more reason to vet your synthetic cannabinoid producer. #BetterCannabisThroughScience Full text link in comments

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??? A healthy, thriving gland is often indicated by the presence of lipid droplets within the secretory cavity, showcasing active production of compounds. When these lipid droplets are absent and striae are present, it can indicate an oxidized abscission zone, The telltale orange/oxidized basal cells are a sign of this decline. Monitoring these features helps us understand plant health and vitality -Ed Rosenthal