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Last updated on 2024年9月25日

What are the differences between selecting materials for macro-scale and nano-scale applications?

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If you are interested in designing or improving products, devices, or systems that involve materials, you need to consider how the size scale of those materials affects their performance and properties. In this article, you will learn about the differences between selecting materials for macro-scale and nano-scale applications, and how to apply some basic criteria to choose the best materials for your goals.

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Gregor S.

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1 Macro-scale materials

Macro-scale materials are those that have dimensions larger than 100 nanometers (nm), which is about the size of a virus. At this scale, materials usually behave according to their bulk properties, such as density, strength, elasticity, conductivity, and thermal expansion. These properties depend on the composition, structure, and processing of the materials, and can be measured and predicted by using standard methods and models. When selecting macro-scale materials, you need to consider factors such as cost, availability, environmental impact, manufacturability, and compatibility with other materials and components.

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Sanchari Chatterjee

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Selecting materials for macro-scale and nano-scale applications involves distinct considerations due to the differences in size, properties, and behavior at these scales. One of the key points to be noted in the material selection process for macro-scale and nano-scale applications is that at macro scale, materials are typically considered in three dimensions, and bulk properties are crucial. At the nano scale, the dimensionality changes, and materials may exhibit unique properties due to their size, surface area, and quantum effects. Another parameter is surface effects, wherein nanostructured materials have a higher surface area compared to their macro-scale counterparts, influencing properties like reactivity, strength, and conductivity.

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2 Nano-scale materials

Nano-scale materials are those that have at least one dimension smaller than 100 nm, which is about the size of a DNA molecule. At this scale, materials often exhibit novel or enhanced properties that are different from their bulk counterparts, such as optical, electrical, magnetic, catalytic, and biological effects. These properties depend on the size, shape, surface, and interaction of the nanostructures, and can be tuned and controlled by using various synthesis and manipulation techniques. When selecting nano-scale materials, you need to consider factors such as functionality, stability, reproducibility, safety, and integration with other materials and systems.

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3 Material selection criteria

Material selection criteria are the specifications or requirements that define the desired performance and properties of the materials for a given application. They can be divided into two categories: functional criteria and non-functional criteria. Functional criteria are related to the main function or purpose of the materials, such as mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, or chemical properties. Non-functional criteria are related to the secondary or auxiliary aspects of the materials, such as cost, availability, environmental impact, manufacturability, or compatibility.

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Gregor S.

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When switching from Bulk (Macro) to Nanomaterials, this often comes with significant change of phys.-chem. properties: Nanogold has a transparent red colour, and Nanosilver gets yellow-brownish. So colour is one of the first criteria to consider. Nanometals also have a decreased melting- and boiling point, so any high temperature (several hundred degrees) can result in loss of material, whereas you don't experience this issue with the bulk material. One of the most important criteria of choosing nanomaterials is their sustainable use. E.g. Using nanocopper as fertilizer, you need grams per hectare instead of kilograms of the bulk material. This saves ressources and minimizes the pollution of the environment with copper.

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4 Material selection methods

Material selection methods are the tools or strategies that help you to compare and evaluate different materials based on the selection criteria. They can be divided into two categories: qualitative methods and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods are based on intuition, experience, or general knowledge of the materials, such as using charts, tables, or databases to find suitable candidates. Quantitative methods are based on mathematical models, calculations, or simulations of the materials, such as using equations, algorithms, or software to optimize the best options.

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5 Material selection challenges

Material selection challenges are the difficulties or limitations that you may encounter when selecting materials for macro-scale or nano-scale applications. They can be divided into two categories: technical challenges and ethical challenges. Technical challenges are related to the scientific or engineering aspects of the materials, such as lack of data, uncertainty, variability, or complexity of the properties and behaviors. Ethical challenges are related to the social or environmental aspects of the materials, such as ethical implications, sustainability, or regulation of the impacts and risks.

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6 Material selection examples

Material selection examples are the practical or illustrative cases that show how to apply the material selection criteria and methods to real-world applications. They can be divided into two categories: macro-scale examples and nano-scale examples. Macro-scale examples are those that involve materials with dimensions larger than 100 nm, such as choosing the best metal for a bridge, the best polymer for a bottle, or the best ceramic for a turbine. Nano-scale examples are those that involve materials with dimensions smaller than 100 nm, such as choosing the best nanoparticle for a drug delivery, the best nanowire for a sensor, or the best nanocomposite for a coating.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the differences between selecting materials for macro-scale and nano-scale applications?

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1 Macro-scale materials

2 Nano-scale materials

3 Material selection criteria

4 Material selection methods

5 Material selection challenges

6 Material selection examples

7 Here’s what else to consider

Materials Science

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