Last updated on 2024年9月19日

What are some innovative strategies for enhancing natural ventilation and passive cooling?

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Natural ventilation and passive cooling are essential for creating comfortable, healthy, and energy-efficient buildings. They reduce the need for mechanical systems and enhance the indoor environmental quality. However, designing buildings that achieve these benefits requires careful planning, analysis, and innovation. In this article, you will learn about some of the strategies that building services engineers use to optimize natural ventilation and passive cooling in different contexts and climates.

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1 Wind towers

Wind towers are vertical structures that capture and direct the prevailing winds into the building. They can also create a stack effect, which is a natural pressure difference that drives warm air out and cool air in. Wind towers can be integrated into the building envelope or stand alone as architectural features. They can be designed to suit various wind patterns, orientations, and styles. Some examples of wind towers are the traditional windcatchers in Iran, the modern Bahrain World Trade Center, and the experimental Wind-Driven Ventilation Capsule in Singapore.

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2 Earth tubes

Earth tubes are underground pipes that pre-cool or pre-heat the outdoor air before it enters the building. They take advantage of the relatively constant temperature of the soil, which is cooler than the ambient air in summer and warmer in winter. Earth tubes can reduce the cooling and heating loads of the building and improve the thermal comfort of the occupants. They can be combined with other ventilation systems, such as fans, dampers, or heat recovery units. Some examples of earth tubes are the Visitor Center at Zion National Park in Utah, the Manitoba Hydro Place in Canada, and the Eden Project in the UK.

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3 Thermal mass

Thermal mass is the ability of a material to store and release heat. It can help regulate the indoor temperature by absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, or vice versa. Thermal mass can be used to enhance passive cooling by reducing the peak temperature and delaying the heat transfer. It can also be used to enhance natural ventilation by creating a thermal gradient that induces air movement. Thermal mass can be incorporated into the building structure, such as walls, floors, or roofs, or into the furniture, such as water tanks, phase change materials, or trombe walls. Some examples of thermal mass are the Rammed Earth House in Australia, the Nk'Mip Desert Cultural Center in Canada, and the Solar Settlement in Germany.

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Sam Palmer

Director at iTS Consultancy, MEP Design Building Services Engineers: The heroes behind the scenes, transforming spaces into comfortable, efficient, and sustainable environments for people to live, work, and thrive.
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Thermal mass, the ability of a material to store and release heat, plays a crucial role in creating sustainable and energy-efficient buildings. By absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, thermal mass helps regulate indoor temperatures, reducing the need for artificial heating and cooling. Incorporating thermal mass into building structures, such as walls, floors, or roofs, can enhance passive cooling by delaying heat transfer, preventing rapid temperature fluctuations. Additionally, it can promote natural ventilation by creating a thermal gradient that induces air movement. In the future I would hope we can start to see phase change materials in structures.

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4 Solar chimneys

Solar chimneys are vertical shafts that use solar radiation to create a buoyancy-driven ventilation. They heat up the air inside the shaft, which rises and creates a suction effect that draws fresh air from the lower openings. Solar chimneys can be used to enhance natural ventilation by increasing the air exchange rate and removing pollutants. They can also be used to enhance passive cooling by creating a cooling breeze or by coupling with evaporative cooling devices. Solar chimneys can be integrated into the building facade or roof, or stand alone as solar towers. Some examples of solar chimneys are the Solar House in France, the Pearl River Tower in China, and the PS10 Solar Power Plant in Spain.

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Abdul Hafiz

EXIN EPI? Certified Data Centre Professional (CDCP) | Experienced MEP Engineer | Computer & Technology Enthusiast
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A solar chimney, often referred to as a thermal chimney, is a way of improving the natural ventilation of buildings by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy. It works by warming a column of air through solar heat gain, which then rises and pulls in fresh outside air into the building. This system is also known as thermal chimneys, thermosiphons, or thermosyphons.

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5 Cool roofs

Cool roofs are roofs that reflect more solar radiation and emit more heat than conventional roofs. They reduce the surface temperature and the heat gain of the building, which lowers the cooling demand and improves the thermal comfort. Cool roofs can also reduce the urban heat island effect, which is the phenomenon of higher temperatures in urban areas than in rural areas. Cool roofs can be achieved by using light-colored or reflective materials, such as paints, coatings, tiles, or membranes, or by adding vegetation, such as green roofs or rooftop gardens. Some examples of cool roofs are the White Roof Project in New York, the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, and the Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore.

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Abdul Hafiz

EXIN EPI? Certified Data Centre Professional (CDCP) | Experienced MEP Engineer | Computer & Technology Enthusiast
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Cool roofs are an innovative passive cooling technique that can significantly reduce the amount of heat transferred to a building, keeping it naturally cooler. By employing materials and designs that reflect sunlight and emit absorbed heat, cool roofs help to combat the urban heat island effect and lower energy consumption.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Abdul Hafiz

EXIN EPI? Certified Data Centre Professional (CDCP) | Experienced MEP Engineer | Computer & Technology Enthusiast
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Building orientation: Optimize building orientation to maximize natural airflow and passive solar heating or cooling potential. External shading: Install external shading devices such as louvers, awnings, or vegetation to reduce solar heat gain and glare while allowing natural light penetration. Cross ventilation: Design spaces to facilitate cross ventilation by strategically placing windows, vents, or openings on opposite sides of the building to encourage airflow. Night flushing: Utilize natural ventilation by opening windows or vents during cooler nighttime hours to flush out accumulated heat. Thermal insulation: Improve building envelope insulation to minimize heat transfer and maintain comfortable indoor temperatures.

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What are some innovative strategies for enhancing natural ventilation and passive cooling?

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1 Wind towers

2 Earth tubes

3 Thermal mass

4 Solar chimneys

5 Cool roofs

6 Here’s what else to consider

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