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Last updated on 2024年9月10日

What are some best practices for editing and processing MIDI and audio data?

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MIDI and audio data are two common formats for recording and producing music, but they have different characteristics and require different editing and processing techniques. In this article, you will learn some best practices for working with MIDI and audio data in audio engineering, such as how to optimize performance, avoid errors, enhance quality, and achieve creative effects.

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1 MIDI basics

MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, and it is a protocol that allows electronic devices to communicate musical information, such as notes, pitch, velocity, and control messages. MIDI data does not contain any sound, but rather instructions for how to play a sound. MIDI data can be recorded, edited, and processed using software instruments, such as synthesizers, samplers, and drum machines, or hardware devices, such as keyboards, controllers, and modules.

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Angel Diego Merlo

Compositor especializado en Arquitectura Orquestal. Conferencista. Escritor.
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? La compresión del MIDI, más allá de conocer el termino, tiene que ver con conocer una estrategia básica pero fundamental para la implementación de diversas etapas de la producción musical y automatización. ? Es un protocolo de comunicación en red (asimétrica y unidireccional en su versión 1.0) ? Para ponerlo de manera elemental, por la red MIDI viajan solamente ORDENES, que cobran alguna significación cuando son recibidas por un periférico receptor conectado apropiadamente dentro de la red. ? El uso del MIDI no debe asociarse al mundo del audio. Sino a las posibilidades de control que ofrezca el periférico receptor. ? La mala fama del MIDI como algo que suena mecánico o de mala calidad, ES UN ERROR, por puro desconocimiento.

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2 Audio basics

Audio data, on the other hand, is a representation of sound waves in digital form, such as WAV, MP3, or AIFF files. Audio data can be recorded, edited, and processed using microphones, audio interfaces, mixers, and audio editing software. Audio data contains the actual sound of the source, such as a voice, a guitar, or a piano, and it can be manipulated in various ways, such as changing the volume, pitch, tone, or effects.

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Ben Allim

Focusrite Support Lead
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An analog audio signal is the electrical signal generated by a device such as a microphone. This electrical signal can be represented digitally by sampling it thousands of times per second at a given sampling rate. Converting an analog audio signal to a digital one is done by a component called an analog to digital converter (ADC), with the opposite process being done by a digital to analog converter (DAC). Audio interfaces are devices which typically contain both ADC’s and DAC’s allowing users to digitally record and play back analog signals. Once recorded, it’s possible to manipulate the digital audio data, changing how it sounds before being converted back to analog. This opens many exciting possibilities for media production.

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3 MIDI vs audio: advantages and disadvantages

MIDI and audio data have different advantages and disadvantages, depending on the context and the purpose of the project. MIDI data is more flexible, as it can be easily edited, transposed, quantized, and rearranged, and it can also trigger different sounds and instruments. MIDI data is also more efficient, as it takes up less space and CPU resources than audio data. However, MIDI data can also be more limited, as it depends on the quality and availability of the sound sources, and it can also be more prone to compatibility and synchronization issues between devices and software. Audio data is more realistic, as it captures the nuances and dynamics of the sound source, and it can also be more expressive, as it allows for more creative processing and effects. However, audio data can also be more challenging, as it requires more skill and equipment to record and edit, and it can also be more demanding, as it consumes more space and CPU resources than MIDI data.

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Owen Punches

Technical Director at BONHOMME PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH FOUNDATION
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MIDI definitely uses more CPU, but having the kind of control to go back and change notes is worth it. Plus if you print the audio file instead of using a bunch of software instruments, you’ll only have one midi file instead of a bunch.

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Srikanth Devarajan

Advisor, Karsun Innovations Center.
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MIDI is all about non-destructive editing and flexibility to modify notes, duration, pitch velocity, timbre, and events. MIDI also lets you choose your instruments or adjust your score quickly for an instrument. Maybe you wrote a piano part and want to change it to a string part. Midi also offers a wide range of integration capabilities. System exclusive, midi offers several system-exclusive events that can used to program musical instruments and devices. MIDI data is significantly smaller than audio data. Virtual instruments use MIDI in combination with audio samples, which can consume CPU and memory. To address this, you can "freeze" the track (a Pro Tools term) that saves CPU/memory. MIDI changed how I composed music 35 years ago.

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Motaz Dababseh

Senior Sound Designer | Shaping the world one sound at a time ??????
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While it's a known fact that MIDI uses more CPU and computing power than Audio Playback, we have various tools showing us the ability to deconstruct audio into its characteristics, techniques like "De-reverb", "Stem separation" and many many others are unfolding insane possibilities of signal retention to audio that was only possible through MIDI a couple of years ago.

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Angel Diego Merlo

Compositor especializado en Arquitectura Orquestal. Conferencista. Escritor.
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? La dicotomía entre MIDI vs AUDIO es absolutamente ridícula. Son dos herramientas diferentes y hablar de ellas en el mismo punto constituye un error fundamental. ? No caigas en esa trampa de pensar que una tecnología sustituye a la otra. Sería como pensar una falsa dicotomía entre un monitor led y un disco rígido. ? No se puede desarrollar una carrera eficiente si no se comprenden profundamente estas diferencias. ? El error es el desconocimiento de las tecnologías. La discusión sobre tama?o de los archivos, o edición destructiva vs no destructiva, solo se basa en los primeros momentos de ambas tecnologías (durante los a?os noventa) ? Audio y MIDI, son tecnologías que se integran en diversos ecosistemas. Y ninguna reemplaza a la otra.

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4 Editing MIDI data

Editing MIDI data involves changing the parameters and properties of the MIDI events, such as the notes, velocities, durations, pitches, and timings. This can be done using various tools and functions in the MIDI editor of the software, such as the piano roll, score editor, list editor, or event editor. Common editing techniques include adjusting note length and position to correct timing errors or create rhythmic variations, changing note velocity to alter dynamics and expression of performance, transposing notes to change key or octave of melody or harmony, quantizing notes to align them to a grid or groove template for a more consistent or groovy feel, editing pitch bend, modulation, aftertouch, or other control messages to add vibrato, expression, or modulation effects. Additionally, copying, pasting, duplicating, or deleting notes or MIDI regions can create repetitions or variations.

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Andrew Bennekamper

Audio Engineering Instructor at Heights Career Tech Consortium
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Currently, most MIDI hardware and software are still using the MIDI 1.0 protocol which only provides 128 different values for control. A value of 0 means there is no data (e.g. no velocity) and a value of 127 is the top of the range (e.g. the highest velocity). When recording automation to parameters such as pitch bend, velocity, etc., the result will look like a series of steps. Meaning the resolution isn't very smooth. In the new MIDI 2.0 protocol that was recently released, the resolution of MIDI has increased to the point that it is very similar to the resolution of audio data. This may eliminate the need to convert MIDI to audio in certain situations and will open up new possibilities for MIDI processing.

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Angel Diego Merlo

Compositor especializado en Arquitectura Orquestal. Conferencista. Escritor.
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? Editar datos MIDI es un proceso simple que no requiere ninguna demanda significativa de CPU o de Memoria. ? Sin embargo, es necesario un conocimiento suficiente de los datos MIDI involucrados. No tiene sentido afectar datos MIDI si no sabemos cómo van a impactar. ? Por eso es pertinente conocer al menos los mensajes básicos de ? Note On, Note Off, y comprender los DATA Bytes 1 y 2 (Número de nota y velocidad) ? Comprender los mensajes de Control Change, no solo en su estructura sino en cómo son implementados por los periféricos. ? Comprender los mensajes auxiliares de seguridad y de sincronización. ? Saber que, en un DAW, el úNICO editor que nos muestra TODOS los datos MIDI es la LISTA DE EVENTOS. El resto de los editores: NO.

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5 Processing MIDI data

Processing MIDI data involves applying effects or transformations to the MIDI events or the sound sources, such as software instruments or hardware devices. This can be done using various plugins or modules, such as effects, instruments, arpeggiators, or sequencers. Common techniques for MIDI data include reverb and delay to add ambience and depth, compression and EQ to enhance or alter tone and dynamics, filters and envelopes to shape sound, arpeggiators and sequencers to create patterns from MIDI events, and pitch shifters and time stretchers to change pitch or tempo.

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6 Editing audio data

Editing audio data involves changing the parameters and properties of the audio regions or clips, such as the volume, pan, fade, crossfade, or trim. This can be done using various tools and functions in the audio editor of the software, such as the waveform editor, the multitrack editor, the sample editor, or the loop editor. Common editing techniques include adjusting the volume and pan to balance sound sources in the mix; applying fade in, fade out, crossfade, or envelope to smooth out transitions; trimming, splitting, joining, or cropping audio regions; aligning, nudging, slipping, or sliding audio regions to sync them to the tempo or grid; and copying, pasting, duplicating, or deleting audio regions to create repetitions or variations.

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7 Processing audio data

Processing audio data involves applying effects or transformations to the audio regions or clips, such as software plugins or hardware processors. There are various plugins and processors available, including effects, dynamics processors, EQs, and pitch and time processors. Common processing techniques for audio data include adding reverb, delay, chorus, or other effects to create ambience; applying compression, EQ, distortion, or other effects to alter tone and dynamics; using filters, envelopes, LFOs, or other modulators to shape the sound; using pitch shifters and time stretchers to change the pitch or tempo; and applying noise reduction, normalization, dithering, or other utilities for improved quality and compatibility.

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Angel Diego Merlo

Compositor especializado en Arquitectura Orquestal. Conferencista. Escritor.
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? Procesar datos de Audio, genera importantes intercambios de información. ? Tama?o considerable en memoria, y uso de DSP, por lo tanto, generan carga en CPU. ? Por esas dos causas es que necesitamos tener en cuenta algunos factores prácticos: ? Espacio en RAM ? Espacio en Disco Rígido ? Potencia de Microprocesador ? Comunicación con la placa de sonido rápida: ASIO de preferencia. ? Algunos de esos cambios serán generados por el uso de AUDIO PLUGINS, que consumirán recursos del hardware inevitablemente. ? Todas esas exigencias, sumadas a la calidad de Frecuencia de muestreo y Resolución en bits, tendrán consecuencias importantes en la LATENCIA. Algo que todos hemos padecido en algún momento.

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8 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Rick Johnson

Educating, Elevating, and Empowering the Culture!
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When editing audio, often it's helpful to add up to a 10 ms fade-in/out to make sure there aren't any clicks or pops where you cut the audio region.

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Ashish D.

Senior IT Recruiter | Data, Design & Audio Geek
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When I'm editing MIDI and audio, I've got a few go-to tricks. For MIDI, I start by quantizing, but not too perfectly – I like to keep some human feel. I'll often use velocity to add dynamics and make things sound more natural. With audio, I'm all about cleaning up before processing. I'll cut out any dead space, fix any obvious timing issues, and deal with any pops or clicks. For both, I'm a big fan of grouping similar tracks and processing them together. It helps keep everything cohesive. And I always make sure to save original versions before going wild with edits. That way, I can always go back if I need to. It's all about finding that sweet spot between polished and natural.

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What are some best practices for editing and processing MIDI and audio data?

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1 MIDI basics

2 Audio basics

3 MIDI vs audio: advantages and disadvantages

4 Editing MIDI data

5 Processing MIDI data

6 Editing audio data

7 Processing audio data

8 Here’s what else to consider

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