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What are the potential negative effects of noise pollution on marine life?

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Noise pollution is the excessive or unwanted sound that interferes with normal activities, health, and well-being of humans and animals. It can come from various sources, such as traffic, construction, industry, military, recreation, and natural events. But did you know that noise pollution can also affect marine life in the oceans and seas? In this article, you will learn about the potential negative effects of noise pollution on marine life and what can be done to reduce them.

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1 How noise pollution affects marine life

Marine life depends on sound for many vital functions, such as communication, navigation, foraging, predator avoidance, reproduction, and social bonding. Sound travels faster and farther in water than in air, so marine animals can use it to sense their environment and interact with each other over long distances. However, human activities have increased the level and frequency of noise in the oceans and seas, creating a noisy background that can mask or distort the natural sounds that marine animals rely on. This can cause stress, confusion, injury, or even death for marine life.

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Toby Green

Director & Co - Founder of MyCarbon || Calculating, Reducing and Offsetting Carbon Footprints
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Noise pollution, caused by shipping, construction, and exploration, significantly harms marine life. It interferes with marine species' ability to navigate, find food, and avoid predators, leading to disorientation and decreased reproduction rates. To protect marine ecosystems, it's essential to adopt quieter technologies, regulate shipping routes away from critical habitats, and use construction methods that reduce underwater noise. Establishing marine protected areas can also shield vulnerable species from noise. Raising public awareness about the detrimental effects of noise pollution on marine life is crucial for fostering support for protective measures.

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2 What are the sources of noise pollution in the oceans and seas

Noise pollution in the oceans and seas is mainly caused by shipping, seismic surveys, sonar, construction, and recreational activities. For instance, the propellers, engines, and hulls of ships produce low-frequency noise that can travel across ocean basins and interfere with the hearing and communication of whales, dolphins, and fish. Seismic surveys for oil and gas use powerful airguns that emit loud blasts of sound that can damage the hearing and internal organs of marine animals. The military and some research vessels use sonar devices to emit high-frequency sound waves that can harm or disturb marine mammals. Moreover, activities such as pile driving, dredging, or blasting involved in the construction of bridges, ports, pipelines, wind farms, and other structures produce high-intensity noise that can injure or scare away marine life. Lastly, the use of motorboats, jet skis, underwater scooters, and other recreational vehicles create noise that can disturb marine animals in coastal areas where they breed, feed, or rest.

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3 What are the impacts of noise pollution on marine life

Noise pollution can have various impacts on marine life, ranging from hearing loss to behavior change and physiological damage. Depending on the type, intensity, duration, and frequency of the noise, as well as the species, population, and habitat of the animals, these impacts can be severe. For instance, hearing loss can reduce an animal's ability to detect and respond to important sounds, which can affect their survival, reproduction, and fitness. Noise pollution can also alter an animal's behavior, making them avoid or abandon their preferred habitats or change their migration routes. Additionally, it can lead to physiological damage such as bleeding or bruising in marine animals. Finally, noise pollution can affect the structure and function of marine ecosystems by disrupting food webs or predator-prey relationships. All in all, this has consequences for the services and resources the ocean provides to humans and the planet.

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Larissa B. Santos

Cientista da Natureza | Servi?os Ambientais | Educa??o ambiental
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As interferências acústicas podem resultar em altera??es comportamentais e deslocamentos de espécies, levando a desequilíbrios na distribui??o e abundancia populacional, isso, por sua vez, pode afetar a disponibilidade de presas para predadores e, consequentemente, influenciar o equilíbrio trófico. Essa interferência nas intera??es predador-presa pode resultar em altera??es na dinamica populacional e no comportamento de forrageamento, afetando a estrutura e a fun??o dos ecossistemas marinhos.

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4 How to measure noise pollution in the oceans and seas

Various methods and tools can be used to measure the level and impact of noise pollution in the oceans and seas, such as hydrophones, acoustic models, bioacoustics, and biomarkers. Hydrophones are underwater microphones that record sound pressure and frequency from noise sources and ambient noise. Acoustic models are mathematical equations or computer simulations that predict sound propagation and attenuation in the water. Bioacoustics is the study of sound production, reception, and effects on living organisms. Biomarkers are indicators of an organism's physiological or biochemical state that can be used to measure stress, health, or injury caused by noise pollution.

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Toby Green

Director & Co - Founder of MyCarbon || Calculating, Reducing and Offsetting Carbon Footprints
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Measuring noise pollution in oceans involves deploying underwater microphones (hydrophones) to record sound levels over time. These devices can be placed on buoys, ships, or stationary platforms on the seafloor. Data collected helps identify noise sources, like shipping traffic or industrial activities, and assess their impact on marine environments. Advanced algorithms analyze the recordings to distinguish between natural and human-made sounds. Additionally, acoustic tags on marine animals track their responses to noise, providing insights into the ecological effects of sound pollution. Regular monitoring and international cooperation in data sharing are crucial for effective noise pollution management in marine ecosystems.

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5 How to reduce noise pollution in the oceans and seas

In order to reduce noise pollution in the oceans and seas, various measures and strategies can be implemented. Regulations can be established and enforced to regulate noise emissions and activities of different sectors and users of the ocean, such as setting noise limits, defining noise-sensitive areas, and requiring noise mitigation devices or techniques. Technologies can also be developed and adopted to reduce the noise generation or transmission of ships, vehicles, equipment, and operations in the ocean. Lastly, education can be used to raise awareness and understanding of the causes, effects, and solutions of noise pollution in the ocean. This can include providing information, training, guidance, and incentives to promote noise reduction practices and behaviors, as well as engaging in dialogue, collaboration, and advocacy to foster noise awareness and action.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Toby Green

Director & Co - Founder of MyCarbon || Calculating, Reducing and Offsetting Carbon Footprints
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Ocean acidification, a direct consequence of increased CO2 absorption from the atmosphere, poses a grave threat to marine ecosystems amid climate change. As oceans absorb more CO2, their pH levels drop, making waters more acidic. This shift disrupts calcium carbonate availability, essential for the skeletons and shells of marine organisms like corals, mollusks, and some plankton species. The weakening of these foundational species threatens biodiversity and marine food webs. Additionally, acidification impacts fish behavior and survival, compromising fisheries and the livelihoods dependent on them. The broader implications include altered oceanic carbon cycling and reduced oceanic capacity to absorb CO2, exacerbating global warming.

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What are the potential negative effects of noise pollution on marine life?

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1 How noise pollution affects marine life

2 What are the sources of noise pollution in the oceans and seas

3 What are the impacts of noise pollution on marine life

4 How to measure noise pollution in the oceans and seas

5 How to reduce noise pollution in the oceans and seas

6 Here’s what else to consider

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What are the potential negative effects of noise pollution on marine life?

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4

5

6

1 How noise pollution affects marine life

2 What are the sources of noise pollution in the oceans and seas

3 What are the impacts of noise pollution on marine life

4 How to measure noise pollution in the oceans and seas

5 How to reduce noise pollution in the oceans and seas

6 Here’s what else to consider

Environmental Services

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