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What are the most promising materials testing methods for wearable technology?

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Wearable technology is a rapidly growing field that integrates electronics, sensors, and communication devices into clothing, accessories, and implants. However, wearable technology also poses significant challenges for materials science, as the materials need to be durable, flexible, biocompatible, and functional under various conditions. In this article, we will explore some of the most promising materials testing methods for wearable technology, and how they can help improve the performance, reliability, and safety of these devices.

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Sanaz Khademolqorani

Research fellow @ MUI | Founder of EmeraldExperts research lab || Ph.D. in TE | Creative Researcher || Fabrication…
Sridhar Govindarajan

Senior Lecturer (MSc, PhD, PGCAP, FHEA, MIET)

1 Mechanical testing

One of the most important aspects of materials testing for wearable technology is mechanical testing, which evaluates how the materials respond to stress, strain, fatigue, impact, and abrasion. Mechanical testing can help determine the strength, stiffness, elasticity, toughness, and fracture resistance of the materials, as well as their deformation and failure modes. Mechanical testing can also simulate the effects of wear and tear, environmental factors, and human body movements on the materials, and identify potential weak points or defects.

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Sanaz Khademolqorani

Research fellow @ MUI | Founder of EmeraldExperts research lab || Ph.D. in TE | Creative Researcher || Fabrication techniques | Eco-friendly materials || INT.collabs ||
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Durability testing examines the material's ability to withstand repeated mechanical stresses, environmental conditions, and wear over an extended period. This can include cyclic testing, where materials are subjected to repetitive loading to simulate real-world usage.

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2 Electrical testing

Another crucial aspect of materials testing for wearable technology is electrical testing, which measures how the materials conduct, resist, or store electric current, voltage, or power. Electrical testing can help assess the functionality, efficiency, and compatibility of the electronic components, sensors, and communication devices embedded in the materials, as well as their resistance to interference, noise, or damage. Electrical testing can also evaluate the energy consumption, storage, and harvesting capabilities of the materials, and their interaction with external sources of electricity or electromagnetic fields.

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3 Thermal testing

A third important aspect of materials testing for wearable technology is thermal testing, which examines how the materials behave under different temperatures and heat fluxes. Thermal testing can help evaluate the thermal stability, conductivity, expansion, contraction, and transition of the materials, as well as their heat generation, dissipation, and transfer. Thermal testing can also assess the thermal comfort, protection, and regulation of the materials, and their response to heat exposure, thermal shock, or fire.

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4 Chemical testing

A fourth important aspect of materials testing for wearable technology is chemical testing, which analyzes the composition, structure, and properties of the materials at the molecular level. Chemical testing can help identify the chemical elements, compounds, and bonds present in the materials, as well as their purity, quality, and functionality. Chemical testing can also detect the presence of contaminants, impurities, or additives in the materials, and their effects on the performance, durability, and safety of the devices.

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5 Biological testing

A fifth important aspect of materials testing for wearable technology is biological testing, which investigates how the materials interact with living organisms, such as human skin, tissue, or blood. Biological testing can help evaluate the biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biodegradability of the materials, as well as their potential to cause allergic reactions, infections, inflammation, or toxicity. Biological testing can also measure the biological response, feedback, or stimulation of the materials, and their integration with biological systems or functions.

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Sridhar Govindarajan

Senior Lecturer (MSc, PhD, PGCAP, FHEA, MIET)
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In addition to the above, allergies to materials used in the device that would be in contact with the skin need to be considered too. Traces or Nickel or Cobalt in electrodes that are in contact with the skin could lead to skin allergies.

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6 Optical testing

A sixth important aspect of materials testing for wearable technology is optical testing, which studies how the materials reflect, transmit, or emit light. Optical testing can help determine the color, brightness, contrast, transparency, or opacity of the materials, as well as their optical properties, such as refractive index, dispersion, or polarization. Optical testing can also evaluate the optical functionality, performance, or quality of the materials, and their applications in display, imaging, or sensing devices.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Sanaz Khademolqorani

Research fellow @ MUI | Founder of EmeraldExperts research lab || Ph.D. in TE | Creative Researcher || Fabrication techniques | Eco-friendly materials || INT.collabs ||
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Along with all the above, wearability and comfort are crucial for wearable technology. Subjective evaluation of fit, comfort and user experience through wearer tests, surveys or questionnaires helps to understand ergonomics and user satisfaction. Most successful textile engineers use these analyses to provide proper clothing. So comfort and fit assessments are a necessity in tandem with other testing materials for wearable technology.

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Khoi-Nguyen Nguyen

Aspiring Materials Engineer | Seeking Materials and Process Engineer positions | MS Materials Engineering | LSSGB
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Being in close proximity to human skin, sweat/water resistance is a crucial parameter to consider. This testing ensures that components in wearable gadgets can withstand exposure to moisture, especially sweat secretion and accidental water splashes. Sweat and skins are slightly acidic and corrosive, thus prolonged contact with the skin could lead to corrosion of metal parts and degradation of sealants and adhesive components, not to mention potential salt-bridge forming and shorting circuits. A series of rigorous tests such as the ingress protection (IP), moisture/sweat penetration tests, and High-temperature-high-humidity torture test (HTHH 85/85, or 85C at 85% humidity for X-hours) is the usual testing suite.

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What are the most promising materials testing methods for wearable technology?

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1 Mechanical testing

2 Electrical testing

3 Thermal testing

4 Chemical testing

5 Biological testing

6 Optical testing

7 Here’s what else to consider

Materials Science

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