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What are the most effective methods for inspecting and monitoring ship structures?

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Ship structures are exposed to harsh environmental conditions, such as corrosion, fatigue, impact, and erosion, that can compromise their safety and performance. As a mechanical engineer, you need to apply effective methods for inspecting and monitoring ship structures to detect any damage, defects, or degradation, and to plan for maintenance, repair, or replacement. In this article, you will learn about some of the most effective methods for inspecting and monitoring ship structures, based on their principles, advantages, and limitations.

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Robert Dahlstrom

Founder, President @ Apellix | Precision-controlled aerial robotic systems

1 Visual inspection

Visual inspection is the simplest and most common method for inspecting ship structures. It involves using human eyes or cameras to observe the external appearance of the structure, and to look for any signs of cracks, corrosion, deformation, or wear. Visual inspection can be done by divers, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), depending on the accessibility and location of the structure. Visual inspection is fast, easy, and low-cost, but it has some drawbacks, such as being subjective, limited by visibility, and unable to detect internal defects.

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Swapan Chakraborty

Passionate about Green energy , mentoring , digitization,National Design Research Forum, India Technical Advisor
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The ship structures are subject lot of impact loading and severe corrosion environment . Hence NDT testing at regular interval is important . The most widely used NDT method is UT . Normally UT is carried out in two phases , firstly for the designated check point as per OEM and then for the critical areas for the structure. The weakness of weld joints and the corrosion related wear rate is ascertained to carry out the maintenance as necessary. The paint thickness is also one important check done before any action is taken .

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2 Ultrasonic testing

Ultrasonic testing is a non-destructive method that uses high-frequency sound waves to measure the thickness and detect the flaws of ship structures. It works by sending a pulse of sound through the structure, and receiving the reflected or transmitted waves by a transducer. The time, amplitude, and frequency of the waves can indicate the condition and properties of the structure. Ultrasonic testing can be performed by handheld devices or automated systems, and it can provide accurate and reliable results for internal and external defects. However, ultrasonic testing requires skilled operators, surface preparation, and calibration, and it may not be effective for complex geometries or rough surfaces.

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Robert Dahlstrom

Founder, President @ Apellix | Precision-controlled aerial robotic systems
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Ultrasonic thickness (UT or UTT) testing is one of many ways to inspect ships. It is a common method for determining the ship's hull thickness. A UT inspection allows ship survey engineers to determine the thickness of the hull and complete a trend analysis to ensure its operational viability and estimate its remaining serviceable life. Many people do not know an autonomous drone with a robotic arm holding a UT measurement probe tip can safely take a multitude of measurements and build a complete map of the hull or paint thickness. At Apellix, we’ve developed the technology to do Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), including UT measurements at a level never seen before. With drones, it is SAFER, faster, and cheaper.

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3 Eddy current testing

Eddy current testing is another non-destructive method that uses electromagnetic induction to inspect ship structures. It works by applying an alternating current to a coil, which generates a magnetic field that induces eddy currents in the structure. The eddy currents are affected by the conductivity, permeability, and geometry of the structure, and they can be measured by a sensor. The changes in the eddy currents can reveal the presence and location of cracks, corrosion, or other defects. Eddy current testing can be applied to both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic materials, and it does not require direct contact or surface preparation. However, eddy current testing is sensitive to noise, lift-off, and orientation, and it has limited penetration depth and resolution.

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4 Acoustic emission testing

Acoustic emission testing is a non-destructive method that uses the sound waves generated by the deformation or fracture of ship structures. It works by attaching sensors to the structure, which detect and record the acoustic signals emitted by the structure under stress or load. The frequency, amplitude, and duration of the signals can indicate the type, severity, and location of the damage. Acoustic emission testing can monitor the structure in real time and in service, and it can detect active and growing defects. However, acoustic emission testing is complex, expensive, and prone to interference, and it requires baseline data and signal analysis.

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5 Fiber optic sensing

Fiber optic sensing is a novel method that uses optical fibers to measure the strain, temperature, pressure, or vibration of ship structures. It works by embedding or attaching the optical fibers to the structure, which act as sensors that modulate the light signals passing through them. The changes in the light signals can reflect the changes in the physical parameters of the structure. Fiber optic sensing can provide continuous and distributed monitoring of the structure, and it can withstand harsh environments and electromagnetic interference. However, fiber optic sensing is still under development, and it faces challenges such as installation, durability, and cost.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Louis Mazzamauro

Telecomm Startup Specialist.
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X-Ray inspection of welded and riveted joints. These are failure points that aren’t necessarily visible to the naked eye. They can deteriorate and fail internally without any external characteristics until it’s too late.

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What are the most effective methods for inspecting and monitoring ship structures?

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3

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6

1 Visual inspection

2 Ultrasonic testing

3 Eddy current testing

4 Acoustic emission testing

5 Fiber optic sensing

6 Here’s what else to consider

Mechanical Engineering

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What are the most effective methods for inspecting and monitoring ship structures?

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 Visual inspection

2 Ultrasonic testing

3 Eddy current testing

4 Acoustic emission testing

5 Fiber optic sensing

6 Here’s what else to consider

Mechanical Engineering

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