What are the most effective ground control practices for surface mining?

Effective ground control practices is at the pit design stage and involves conducting detailed geotechnical and hydrological drilling, collecting data that will be used to guide pit design. Incorporating moisture content of the pit walls at pit design is very critical.Depressurisation of highwalls is very critical. Best mining practices include mining to correct bench level,batter angle (avoid undercutting), Scalling,drilling as per design, charging of pre-splits and buffer holes, stemming and tie up plan as per design,electronic blasting is encouraged. Mapping of geological structures and updating the Geological structural model is of the essence as you open up the benches.Others include rock bolts, Wire mesh,shot create, catment fence.

The stability of ground is the essential in surface mining, Proper drilling design Proper blasting design Effective mining method These factors will suport the stability of ground if they are considered

As a professional mining engineer, we need to ensure the proper Drill and Blast designs are practically considered to minimize the effects(Vibration & Over break) of Blast into the ground; one must ensure Drilling QA/QC is done properly Explosive Powder Factor is considered Firing Sequence/Direction with presence of free face Controlled Blast such as Trim Blast/Pre-plit to be implemented on the final wall of the pit Overall mining practice especially on the last flitch to maintain the floor level (Presence of toes led to excess of Explosive usage) Blast monitoring devices (Seismograph) to be installed at every blast as a measure of vibration and this will lead to adjusting Drill and Blast Parameters for the next blast.

Effective ground control practices for surface mining involve conducting detailed geotechnical site investigations to assess ground stability and identify hazards, introducing slope monitoring systems to detect movement and instability in highwall slopes and embankments, designing stable benches and slope angles based on geological conditions to reduce slope failure risks, and engineering stable highwall designs while implementing reinforcement measures like rock bolting and shotcreting to prevent collapses and maintain stability. These are just a few practices, but they are really important to control ground conditions in surface mining, minimize the risk of accidents, and optimize productivity in surface mining operations.

Be sure and evaluate the hydrology conditions, and if the slopes require any depressurization. Also divert water away from the slopes.

Definitely, the support systems are lifesavers. But to me, they're only part of the equation. Let me tell you, a loose bolt or a poorly applied layer of shotcrete is worse than nothing. It gives you a false sense of security. Take your time, double-check your work, and don't be afraid to speak up if something doesn't look right. My boss always tell me "it's better to be safe than buried". Once, a new guy put in some rock bolts that looked okay at first glance, but under closer inspection, they weren't anchored deep enough. We had to take the whole section apart and redo it – a pain, but better than a potential rockfall. Ground control is about vigilance, not just throwing materials at the problem. You get it?

Good bench height design and road way. There are so many support systems can be used like wire mash, short create and mash and lacing to be used

Let me tell you, a dust storm can shut down your whole operation. It's not just about quotas, it's about making sure everyone goes home healthy– it's a win-win for safety and productivity. Sure, visibility is crucial for safe operation, but dust particles are a health nightmare if inhaled. Water spraying is a balancing act. Too little and the dust flies, too much and you create a muddy mess that can impact equipment and operations. I prefer fog cannons – way more efficient, but you need expertise to choose the right one for the material you're mining. Vegetation around the pit also helps, but it takes time to grow. The real key is ventilation. Proper air flow pushes dust away and keeps the air breathable.

Let me tell you, a dust storm can shut down your whole operation. It's not just about quotas, it's about making sure everyone goes home healthy– it's a win-win for safety and productivity. Sure, visibility is crucial for safe operation, but dust particles are a health nightmare if inhaled. Water spraying is a balancing act. Too little and the dust flies, too much and you create a muddy mess that can impact equipment and operations. I prefer fog cannons – way more efficient, but you need expertise to choose the right one for the material you're mining. Vegetation around the pit also helps, but it takes time to grow. The real key is ventilation. Proper air flow pushes dust away and keeps the air breathable.

Como tecnología eficaz de control del polvo, los aditivos supresores de polvo han sido ampliamente estudiados y aplicados, es esencial seleccionar y evaluar eficazmente el rendimiento de la supresión del polvo en función de las diversas necesidades de prevención y control del polvo, y de los requisitos medioambientales y de seguridad. Se ha demostrado que los CAEX generan la mayor parte de las emisiones de polvo en estos emplazamientos de superficie, siendo su contribución del 78 al 97 por ciento del total de las emisiones de polvo, la elevada contribución de las emisiones de polvo respirable en el aire de los CAEX tiene el potencial de sobreexponer al personal, lo que es muy preocupante si este polvo contiene sílice cristalina respirable.

La seguridad y la salud en el trabajo constituyen temas de importancia para los gobiernos, los empleadores, los trabajadores y sus familias. Dentro de las enfermedades profesionales, la hipoacusia por exposición a ruido laboral, presenta desde tiempos remotos una alta prevalencia, principalmente en países industrializados. Es de suma importancia evaluar la exposición a ruido de los trabajadores en sus lugares de trabajo, con el objetivo de adoptar oportuna y eficazmente medidas de prevención y/o protección según corresponda. Además, establecer criterios preventivos para la periodicidad de las evaluaciones ambientales.

AIR BLAST Air blast is a function of air pressure, temperature and humidity. These depend on the altitude of the mining site, time of the day and prevailing winds. Low humidity, light surface winds or high atmospheric pressure can drive attention focusing on the air blast. Clear or partly cloudy days, warm temperatures and rapidly changing winds can disperse acoustical waves. GROUND VIBRATION The intensity of seismic motion that can be tolerated by structures depends upon the type of the construction, charging plans and distance from blasting hole. Ground vibration produced by a single charge is important to determine ground vibration levels produced by a blasted cut.

In a small scale surface mining, geotechnical inspection is the most effective ground control practice. Doing regular and routine inspection is a mandatory to determine and identufy the hazard. With conventional and manual monitoring instrumentation such as crackmeter and manual survey prisms,, the geotechnical harzard can be measured and continue with further assessment. In a more larger mining scale with capex, an automatic monitoring instrumemtation were applied and implememted as part of ground control management plan. Advance geotechnical inspection is being implemented by using drone for example.

La inspección geotécnica junto a las recomendaciones de saneamiento manual y mecanizada es clave en el control de terreno para identificar y descargar inestabilidades en la construcción de taludes. A su vez, el mapeo geológico-estructural, los controles de tronadura y una inspección exhaustiva de la berma post tronadura, nos permitirá proyectar con gran certeza las potenciales inestabilidades en el talud a construir. Esto ayudará a tomar los resguardos necesarios para la Operación garantizando un proceso de extracción más seguro.

Além da análise de estabilidade dos taludes, o controle estrutural, e monitoramento contínuo das estruturas, permite o incremento à análise de estabilidade, permitindo otimiza??es na setorizacao geotécnica, e melhorando a economicidade das reservas minerais, com incremeto da margem e redu??o das movimenta??es de estéril. Os controles, instrumenta??es e uso de geologia estrutural, incrementam a robustez dos modelos de estabilidade, permitindo margem às otimiza??es e maior seguran?a nas práticas de estabilidade, onde se garanta os fatores de seguran?a mínimos, mas n?o mais que mínimos. Trabalhando nos limites da técnica, é como se espera que as análises de estabilidade das escava??es se apresentem.