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What are the key elements of a power distribution system for a building or facility?

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A power distribution system is a network of electrical components that delivers electricity from a source to various loads in a building or facility. It is essential for ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of the power supply and consumption. In this article, you will learn about the key elements of a power distribution system and how they are designed and coordinated.

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1 Power source

The power source is the point of connection between the utility grid and the building or facility. It can be a transformer, a generator, or a combination of both. The power source determines the voltage level, frequency, and phase of the incoming power. Depending on the size and type of the load, the power source may need to step up or step down the voltage to match the load requirements. The power source also provides protection devices, such as circuit breakers and fuses, to isolate faults and prevent damage to the system.

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Shane Maddox

"An astronaut doesn't believe the sky is the limit"
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Other power sources should also be taken into consideration when evaluating power sources. PV Solar, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Micro-Grids are other alternatives to take into account. These power sources typically have separate electrical metering and require disconnect switches. A rapid shutdown switch is also required to quickly, safely power down energy sources in case of an emergency.

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2 Main distribution board

The main distribution board (MDB) is the central hub of the power distribution system. It receives the power from the power source and distributes it to different subcircuits or zones within the building or facility. The MDB contains switches, meters, relays, and other devices that control and monitor the power flow and quality. The MDB also protects the system from overcurrent, short circuit, and ground fault by tripping the appropriate circuit breakers.

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Shane Maddox

"An astronaut doesn't believe the sky is the limit"
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A common component in electrical distribution systems is switchboards, or switchgear. Both distribute power to downstream but there are distinct differences. Switchgear is primarily used for medium voltage applications. Power operated circuit breakers are controlled by relays and motorized 'gears'. Switchgear is typically found in industrial applications with Motor Control Centers (MCC) supplying power to pumps and heavy machinery. Switchboards are more simplified. They typically house Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB) or fuses that protect & distribute power to downstream panelboards, or light machinery (600V or less).

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3 Sub distribution boards

The sub distribution boards (SDBs) are the intermediate nodes of the power distribution system. They receive the power from the MDB and distribute it to smaller subcircuits or local loads within a zone or area. The SDBs are usually located close to the loads to minimize the voltage drop and power loss. The SDBs also contain switches, meters, and protection devices that regulate and safeguard the power delivery and consumption.

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4 Final distribution boards

The final distribution boards (FDBs) are the terminal nodes of the power distribution system. They receive the power from the SDBs and distribute it to individual loads or appliances, such as lights, outlets, fans, motors, etc. The FDBs are usually mounted on walls or ceilings near the loads to provide easy access and maintenance. The FDBs also contain switches, sockets, and protection devices that enable and secure the power usage and operation.

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Shane Maddox

"An astronaut doesn't believe the sky is the limit"
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Some common types of final distribution boards are 'panelboards' and 'load centers'. Panelboards are found in commercial & industrial applications and come in a wide range of sizes. The panel rating determines the amount of connected power. Typical ratings include: 100, 225 & 400Amp. They can have main breakers or Main Lugs Only (MLO). The typical capacity is 42 spaces. Circuit breakers can snap or bolt into these spaces. Load centers are another type of panel. These are smaller and commonly found in residential applications. Similar to panelboards, load centers distribute power to receptacles, lighting and other connected loads, called "branch circuits".

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5 Cables and wires

The cables and wires are the physical links that connect the power source, the distribution boards, and the loads. They carry the electric current and voltage from one point to another. The cables and wires are selected based on their size, insulation, material, and rating. The size and rating determine the current carrying capacity and the voltage drop of the cables and wires. The insulation and material affect the resistance, temperature, and durability of the cables and wires.

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6 Grounding and bonding

The grounding and bonding are the safety measures that prevent electric shock and fire hazards in the power distribution system. Grounding is the process of connecting the exposed metal parts of the system to the earth to provide a low resistance path for fault currents. Bonding is the process of connecting the metal parts of the system to each other to ensure electrical continuity and avoid potential differences. Grounding and bonding are essential for protecting the system, the equipment, and the people from electrocution and damage.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Ryan Davis

Cable Splicer Specialist Leader
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Geological locations vary and so do these special situations for reliability to the customer. A prime example would be what PG&E has gone through with poor maintenance of overhead conductors in dry areas causing massive fires. In heavily wooded areas like I work in, constant tree trimming needs to be factored in when comparing cost over utilizing underground conductors.

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What are the key elements of a power distribution system for a building or facility?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Power source

2 Main distribution board

3 Sub distribution boards

4 Final distribution boards

5 Cables and wires

6 Grounding and bonding

7 Here’s what else to consider

Electrical Design

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What are the key elements of a power distribution system for a building or facility?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Power source

2 Main distribution board

3 Sub distribution boards

4 Final distribution boards

5 Cables and wires

6 Grounding and bonding

7 Here’s what else to consider

Electrical Design

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