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What are the best ways to design transportation hubs that are both functional and visually appealing?

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Transportation hubs are places where different modes of transport converge, such as airports, train stations, bus terminals, or metro stations. They are essential for the mobility and connectivity of people and goods in urban areas, but they also pose significant challenges for architects and planners. How can they design transportation hubs that are both functional and visually appealing, while meeting the needs and expectations of users, operators, and the surrounding environment? Here are some of the best ways to achieve this goal.

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Chris Williamson

RIBA President Elect for 2025-2027, Architect RIBA, Urban Designer RTPI, Project Manager MAPM
Zivai Mamutse

Candidate Architect | Computational Designer | Parametric Modeling Expert

1 Integrate with the context

One of the first steps to design a successful transportation hub is to understand its context, both physically and socially. A transportation hub should not be an isolated structure, but a part of the urban fabric, that respects the existing landscape, heritage, and culture of the place. It should also create positive interactions with the neighboring communities, businesses, and public spaces, and contribute to the local identity and vitality. A good example of this is the Fulton Center in New York, which blends with the historic district and creates a transparent and inviting entrance to the subway system.

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Zivai Mamutse

Candidate Architect | Computational Designer | Parametric Modeling Expert
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User-Centered Design: Prioritize the needs and preferences of the users, including passengers, staff, and visitors. Consider accessibility for people with disabilities, ensuring that the design accommodates a diverse range of users. Efficient Layout and Flow: Optimize the layout to facilitate smooth traffic flow and minimize congestion. Clearly define walking paths, waiting areas, ticketing zones, and other functional spaces. Use signage and wayfinding elements to guide people seamlessly through the hub. Aesthetically Pleasing Architecture: Employ an architecturally appealing design that complements the surrounding environment. Use quality materials and finishes to enhance the visual appeal and durability of the

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2 Optimize the flows

Another key aspect of designing a transportation hub is to optimize the flows of people and vehicles, both inside and outside the facility. A transportation hub should provide a clear and intuitive wayfinding system, that guides users to their destinations, while avoiding congestion, confusion, and stress. It should also facilitate the transfers between different modes of transport, by minimizing the walking distances, providing adequate signage, and ensuring accessibility and safety. A good example of this is the King's Cross Station in London, which has a spacious and elegant concourse, that connects the national rail, the underground, and the international trains.

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Chris Williamson

RIBA President Elect for 2025-2027, Architect RIBA, Urban Designer RTPI, Project Manager MAPM
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Simple way finding is essential to ensure a less stressful journey. Often when adapting or retrofitting into existing stations the flows can be complex. Plus the popularity of new facilities is often underestimated. Extensive modelling and testing is essential to cater for demand

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Zivai Mamutse

Candidate Architect | Computational Designer | Parametric Modeling Expert
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Natural Light and Ventilation: Maximize the use of natural light to create a welcoming and energy-efficient environment. Provide adequate ventilation and consider sustainable design principles to enhance the overall comfort of the space. Integration with Surrounding Area: Seamlessly integrate the transportation hub with the surrounding urban or natural environment. Consider the local architectural style, landscaping, and community context to create a harmonious design. Safety and Security: Prioritize safety and security features, including well-lit areas, surveillance systems, and emergency response plans.Design for visibility, ensuring that staff can monitor various areas of the hub easily.

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3 Enhance the experience

A third way to design a transportation hub that is both functional and visually appealing is to enhance the experience of the users, both in terms of comfort and enjoyment. A transportation hub should not be a mere transit point, but a destination in itself, that offers a range of services and amenities, such as shops, restaurants, lounges, art, and entertainment. It should also create a pleasant and stimulating atmosphere, by using natural light, ventilation, materials, colors, and shapes, that reflect the character and function of the facility. A good example of this is the Jewel Changi Airport in Singapore, which has a stunning indoor garden, waterfall, and canopy park, that attract both travelers and visitors.

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4 Incorporate sustainability

A fourth way to design a transportation hub that is both functional and visually appealing is to incorporate sustainability principles, both in terms of environmental and social impact. A transportation hub should minimize its energy consumption, carbon footprint, and waste generation, by using renewable sources, efficient systems, and green technologies. It should also promote sustainable modes of transport, such as public transit, cycling, and walking, by providing adequate infrastructure, incentives, and information. A good example of this is the Central Station in Rotterdam, which has a solar-powered roof, a rainwater harvesting system, and a bicycle parking facility, that make it a model of green architecture.

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5 Innovate with technology

A fifth way to design a transportation hub that is both functional and visually appealing is to innovate with technology, both in terms of design and operation. A transportation hub should use digital tools, such as software, sensors, and data, to improve its performance, efficiency, and resilience, as well as to enhance its communication, interaction, and adaptation with the users and the environment. It should also use technology as a creative medium, to create unique and memorable features, such as interactive displays, dynamic facades, and smart lighting. A good example of this is the Incheon International Airport in South Korea, which has a smart passport control system, a robot concierge, and a cultural center, that showcase its technological prowess.

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6 Collaborate with stakeholders

A sixth and final way to design a transportation hub that is both functional and visually appealing is to collaborate with stakeholders, both in terms of planning and management. A transportation hub should involve the participation and feedback of various actors, such as users, operators, authorities, designers, and developers, to ensure that it meets the diverse and changing needs and preferences of the people who use it and benefit from it. It should also foster a sense of ownership and responsibility, by encouraging the engagement and contribution of the stakeholders, to the maintenance and improvement of the facility. A good example of this is the Gare du Nord in Paris, which has a participatory platform, where users can share their opinions and suggestions, to shape the future of the station.

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Chris Williamson

RIBA President Elect for 2025-2027, Architect RIBA, Urban Designer RTPI, Project Manager MAPM
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There are numerous stakeholders on complex projects and it's important to have involvement and engagement throughout all stages. Often there are conflicting interests and it takes skilful presentation and negotiation to arrive at a sensible solution

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Chris Williamson

RIBA President Elect for 2025-2027, Architect RIBA, Urban Designer RTPI, Project Manager MAPM
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Using public transport can be stressful. Thermal comfort, acoustic, lighting and spatial awareness are all important to help reduce anxiety. London has led the way in well designed urban transportation and there is much to learn from other countries also.

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Zivai Mamutse

Candidate Architect | Computational Designer | Parametric Modeling Expert
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Sustainable Design: Integrate sustainable practices, such as energy-efficient lighting, water conservation measures, and environmentally friendly materials. Consider incorporating renewable energy sources, green roofs, or other sustainable features. Modularity and Scalability: Design the transportation hub with modularity in mind, allowing for future expansions or adaptations. Ensure that the infrastructure can accommodate changes in transportation technology and evolving user needs. Technology Integration: Integrate technology to enhance the user experience, such as digital signage, interactive maps, and mobile apps for real-time information. Consider incorporating smart building features for energy management and operational efficiency

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What are the best ways to design transportation hubs that are both functional and visually appealing?

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1 Integrate with the context

2 Optimize the flows

3 Enhance the experience

4 Incorporate sustainability

5 Innovate with technology

6 Collaborate with stakeholders

7 Here’s what else to consider

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