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What are the best ways to analyze vibration modes of a structure?

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Vibration modes are the characteristic patterns of motion that a structure can exhibit under dynamic loading or excitation. They are important for structural engineers to understand and analyze, as they can affect the performance, safety, and comfort of the structure and its occupants. In this article, you will learn about some of the best ways to analyze vibration modes of a structure, using different methods and tools.

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Vlad Kerchman

Engineering Consultant/Leader/Problem Solver (Structural Mechanics, FE Modeling, .Mechanics of Materials)

1 Modal analysis

Modal analysis is a technique that determines the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios of a structure, by applying a known input force or displacement and measuring the resulting response. Modal analysis can be performed experimentally, using sensors and actuators, or numerically, using finite element models and software. Modal analysis can help you identify the dominant modes of vibration, their frequencies and shapes, and how they are affected by boundary conditions, mass distribution, and stiffness properties.

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Vlad Kerchman

Engineering Consultant/Leader/Problem Solver (Structural Mechanics, FE Modeling, .Mechanics of Materials)
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The best way is to combine the available testing results and analysis (hammer test or one in the sections below), and FE analysis with updating the latter to reconsile the differences.

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2 Frequency response analysis

Frequency response analysis is a technique that evaluates how a structure responds to a harmonic or periodic input force or displacement, at various frequencies. Frequency response analysis can be performed experimentally, using shakers and accelerometers, or numerically, using frequency domain solvers and software. Frequency response analysis can help you determine the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies, the amplitude and phase of the response, and the dynamic amplification factor of the structure.

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3 Time history analysis

Time history analysis is a technique that simulates how a structure responds to a time-varying input force or displacement, which can be deterministic or random. Time history analysis can be performed numerically, using time domain solvers and software, or analytically, using modal superposition or response spectrum methods. Time history analysis can help you assess the transient and steady-state behavior, the peak and RMS values, and the fatigue and damage potential of the structure.

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4 Vibration testing

Vibration testing is a technique that applies controlled and realistic vibration inputs to a structure, either in the laboratory or in the field, and measures the resulting response and performance. Vibration testing can be used to validate numerical models, calibrate sensors and actuators, verify design specifications, and evaluate structural integrity and functionality. Vibration testing can help you detect and diagnose defects, failures, and anomalies, as well as improve and optimize the structure.

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5 Vibration monitoring

Vibration monitoring is a technique that continuously or periodically measures and records the vibration levels and characteristics of a structure, using sensors and data acquisition systems. Vibration monitoring can be used to observe and track the operational and environmental conditions, the dynamic behavior and trends, and the health and performance indicators of the structure. Vibration monitoring can help you prevent and mitigate risks, maintain and enhance reliability, and extend and optimize the service life of the structure.

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Vlad Kerchman

Engineering Consultant/Leader/Problem Solver (Structural Mechanics, FE Modeling, .Mechanics of Materials)
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Vibration monitoring is helpful in assessing changes in the dynamic behavior related to the damage/aging or other undesirable evolution of the structure and its members, or sharacteristics of excitation..

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6 Vibration control

Vibration control is a technique that modifies or reduces the vibration response of a structure, using passive or active devices and strategies. Vibration control can be used to improve the comfort and safety of the occupants, the functionality and efficiency of the equipment, and the durability and resilience of the structure. Vibration control can help you achieve desired performance criteria, comply with regulatory standards, and increase customer satisfaction.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Vyacheslav M. Ryaboy

Fellow and Chief Mechanical Engineer at MKS Photonics Solutions Division (Newport Corporation)
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The techniques described in the previous sections are mutually interconnected. Modal analysis is based on the frequency response functions, time domain behavior can be derived from modal data, and related experimental techniques can qualify as vibration testing. All this analysis forms the basis of vibration control. I tried to promote this holistic view in my recent book, Vibration Control for Optomechanical Systems, World Scientific, 2022, ISBN 9789811237331.

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What are the best ways to analyze vibration modes of a structure?

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3

4

5

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7

1 Modal analysis

2 Frequency response analysis

3 Time history analysis

4 Vibration testing

5 Vibration monitoring

6 Vibration control

7 Here’s what else to consider

Structural Engineering

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What are the best ways to analyze vibration modes of a structure?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Modal analysis

2 Frequency response analysis

3 Time history analysis

4 Vibration testing

5 Vibration monitoring

6 Vibration control

7 Here’s what else to consider

Structural Engineering

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