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What are the best practices for designing and implementing adaptive ramp metering systems?

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Adaptive ramp metering (ARM) is a traffic management strategy that uses sensors, algorithms, and traffic signals to control the flow of vehicles entering a freeway. ARM aims to optimize the freeway capacity, reduce congestion, and improve safety and travel time reliability. In this article, you will learn about the best practices for designing and implementing ARM systems, based on the latest research and guidelines.

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Matthew Hall

Snr Specialist - Managed Motorways and Network Optimisation at DTP Victoria

1 Benefits of ARM

ARM can offer a multitude of advantages for freeway operations and users. It can increase throughput and reduce delays by controlling the demand and supply of freeway segments. Additionally, it can help to smooth traffic flow and prevent shockwaves and stop-and-go conditions by managing the entry of vehicles. ARM can also enhance safety and reduce collisions by minimizing speed differences and lane changes. Furthermore, it can save fuel, reduce emissions, and provide flexibility and adaptability to changing traffic conditions and incidents by utilizing real-time data and feedback.

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2 Design considerations

Designing an effective and efficient ARM system requires considering several factors, such as the objectives and performance measures of the system, the type and location of the sensors that collect and transmit traffic data, the algorithm and logic that determine the optimal metering rate for each ramp, the type and configuration of ramp signals, the communication and coordination between ramps and other traffic management systems, and human factors that affect compliance and acceptance. These considerations include travel time, speed, density, queue length, crash rate, loop detectors, radar, cameras, fixed-time signals, pre-timed signals, adaptive signals, variable speed limits, lane control, incident management, signage, education, enforcement and incentives.

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Matthew Hall

Snr Specialist - Managed Motorways and Network Optimisation at DTP Victoria
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In addition to some of the Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) components discussed, effective adaptive ramp metering also requires complementary physical roadway infrastructure on entry ramps and potentially along the motorway mainline. Ramp storage provisions along an entire corridor need to be designed to manage dynamic queuing and demand variations. Real-time utilisation of the available queue storage needs to be managed by advanced coordinated algorithms, managing queues across multiple entry ramps. Motorway mainline design needs to minimise the potential for turbulence in traffic flow. Designers need to have a sound understanding of contemporary traffic theory and the nature of bottleneck emergence and resulting congestion impacts.

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3 Implementation steps

To implement an ARM system, it is necessary to conduct a feasibility study and cost-benefit analysis to assess the potential impacts and benefits of the system for the selected corridor or network. You must also develop a detailed design and operational plan that specifies the hardware, software, and operational parameters of the system, such as sensor locations, metering algorithm, and signal timings. Additionally, you need to install and test the equipment and components of the system. Furthermore, it is important to calibrate and validate the system performance and functionality using simulation models, field observations, or pilot tests. Lastly, you must launch and operate the system, monitor its performance, evaluate its functionality, adjust its parameters as needed, and update them accordingly.

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4 Challenges and solutions

ARM systems face several challenges and limitations that can impact performance and effectiveness, such as data quality and reliability, algorithm complexity and robustness, and driver compliance and acceptance. To address data quality issues, redundant and diverse sensors should be used, along with maintenance, calibration, and data filtering techniques. To handle traffic scenarios and uncertainties, advanced and adaptive algorithms, such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, or reinforcement learning should be employed. To ensure driver compliance and acceptance, clear signage should be provided, drivers should be educated on the benefits of the system, compliance with signals should be enforced, and incentives or rewards should be offered for compliant drivers.

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Matthew Hall

Snr Specialist - Managed Motorways and Network Optimisation at DTP Victoria
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Irrespective of the algorithms used, specialist operators with a sound understanding of contemporary traffic science and the nature of flow breakdown are essential for monitoring, managing and tuning dynamic adaptive ramp metering systems. Adaptive ramp metering systems often do not operate in isolation of other intelligent transport systems tools and other traffic management practices. Integrating ARM with other functions is critical to avoid conflicts that can cause safety issues or reduce the effectiveness of ramp metering and other tools. High levels of customisation and automation are often needed to ensure human operators can effectively manage motorway networks.

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5 Best practices and examples

ARM systems have been implemented in many countries and regions around the world, such as the United States, Europe, Australia, and Asia. Examples of successful ARM systems include the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), which has implemented them on more than 430 ramps in the Twin Cities metropolitan area since 1969. MnDOT reports that these systems have reduced travel times by up to 22%, crashes by up to 26%, and emissions by up to 10%. Highways England (HE) has also implemented ARM systems on several motorways in England since 2006, leading to an increase in throughput by up to 9%, a reduction in delays by up to 50%, and an improvement in safety by up to 30%. Lastly, Transport for New South Wales (TfNSW) has implemented ARM systems on several motorways in Sydney since 2013, resulting in improved travel time reliability by up to 20%, reduced queue lengths by up to 40%, and enhanced safety by up to 25%.

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Matthew Hall

Snr Specialist - Managed Motorways and Network Optimisation at DTP Victoria
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The figures quoted around the implementation information associated with TfNSW in Sydney may need to be confirmed. Mainly one motorway in Sydney has adaptive ramp metering on a limited number of ramps. An alternate Australian example would be in Melbourne where there are more than 120 active adaptive ramp metering sites across multiple motorway corridors, implemented by VicRoads (now part of the Department of Transport and Planning). The Managed Motorway Design Guide, Volume 2, Part 2, chapter 6 outlines benefits achieved in Melbourne.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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What are the best practices for designing and implementing adaptive ramp metering systems?

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1 Benefits of ARM

2 Design considerations

3 Implementation steps

4 Challenges and solutions

5 Best practices and examples

6 Here’s what else to consider

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