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How do you deal with poles and edge loops in your 3D models?

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Topology for character modeling is a crucial skill for any 3D artist who wants to create realistic and expressive characters. Topology refers to the way the polygons or faces of a 3D mesh are arranged and connected, and it affects how the mesh deforms, animates, and renders. In this article, you will learn some basic principles and tips for creating good topology for character modeling, and how to deal with common challenges such as poles and edge loops.

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1 What are poles and edge loops?

Poles and edge loops are terms that describe the structure and flow of a 3D mesh. A pole is a vertex where more than four edges meet, and an edge loop is a continuous sequence of edges that form a ring around the mesh. Poles and edge loops are inevitable in any 3D model, but they can have different impacts on the quality and performance of the mesh.

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Jitender Girdhar

Ranked #1 Creator in Workplace Wellbeing, 3 TEDx Talks | Bestselling Author | Entrepreneur | Columnist | I help founders and leaders 10x their impact | Follow for No-Nonsense insights on Leadership, and Workplace Culture
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Questions to Consider for Creating Good Topology in Character Modeling: "How can proper edge flow contribute to realistic deformation and movement of the character during animation?" "What strategies can be used to minimize the occurrence of poles and ngons while maintaining an efficient topology?" "How does the placement of edge loops and the distribution of polygons affect the visual appeal and fidelity of the character's features?"

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Alan Yang

3D Texture, Look Development and Lighting Artist, Generalist
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Edge loops are not a "challenge" as they are inherent to most well-made polygonal meshes, and it is confusing to lump poles (which can introduce artifacts and deserve careful consideration) together with edge loops. It would be better to talk about triangles and ngons, and use the term "edge flow" perhaps.

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2 Why are poles and edge loops important?

Poles and edge loops are important because they affect how the mesh deforms when it is rigged and animated. Ideally, you want to have a smooth and even distribution of polygons on your mesh, and avoid having too many or too few poles in areas that bend or move a lot, such as joints, facial features, or clothing. Too many poles can cause pinching, twisting, or stretching of the mesh, while too few poles can cause loss of detail or shape. Edge loops help to define the shape and contours of the mesh, and they should follow the natural curves and muscles of the character. Edge loops also make it easier to add or remove detail, and to create UV maps and textures for the mesh.

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Gabe Pofcher

Curriculum Developer at iD Tech | Programming, GameDev, 3D Modeling, UX & Graphic Design
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Your topology (which poles and edge loops help create) also affects how your model subdivides, which can affect the shading of the final model!

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Alan Yang

3D Texture, Look Development and Lighting Artist, Generalist
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Too few poles in a deforming area does not cause issues. There is also theoretically no advantage to poles in a subdivision displacement workflow where many details do not need to be present in the geometry. It would be better to explain that poles are common byproducts of creating good edge flow on complex surfaces and need to be strategically placed, and the niche situations where taking advantage of pole deformation in subdivision modeling. It is also worth mentioning the differences between poles where 5 edges meet vs. 6 or more, usually to be avoided. The section does not define either term as well. Edge loops are a partial or continuous connection of edges across a surface, and poles are vertices where 5 or more edges meet

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3 How to create good topology for character modeling?

Creating good topology for character modeling is not a one-size-fits-all solution, but rather a process that requires planning, experimentation, and refinement. To achieve better results, start with a simple and low-poly base mesh that captures the basic shape and proportions of your character. Utilize quads as much as possible, avoiding triangles and n-gons which can cause artifacts and errors in the mesh. Detail should be added gradually and selectively using edge loops to create creases, wrinkles, or muscles where needed. Check your topology frequently and test how it deforms and animates by using tools like soft selection, sculpt mode, or lattice to adjust and tweak your topology. Additionally, use tools like wireframe, x-ray, or normal map to inspect your topology and spot any issues or errors.

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Alan Yang

3D Texture, Look Development and Lighting Artist, Generalist
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Normal mapping is not a tool for topological inspection. Also, topology is usually finalized after surfaces are sculpted in a high resolution sculpting software, with final edge flow being traced on the surface with retopology.

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4 How to deal with poles and edge loops in your 3D models?

As mentioned earlier, poles and edge loops are an inevitable part of any 3D model, but they can be managed and minimized to improve your topology. To do this, you should avoid placing poles in areas that deform a lot, such as eyes, mouth or ears, and instead focus on flat or hidden areas like the back of the head. You can also use tools like spin edge or slide edge to relocate or redistribute poles. Edge loops should be used to create smooth transitions between different parts of the mesh, such as the neck and the torso. Additionally, you should avoid creating too many or too few edge loops on your mesh which can lead to uneven or distorted deformation. Spiral or circular edge loops should also be avoided as they can cause twisting or pinching of the mesh. Instead, it is recommended to create straight or curved edge loops that follow the natural direction of the mesh, which can be done using tools like cut, split, bridge, relax, smooth or average.

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Gabe Pofcher

Curriculum Developer at iD Tech | Programming, GameDev, 3D Modeling, UX & Graphic Design
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Spin Edge and Slide Edge won't get you very far when it comes to moving poles. Here's a more powerful and versatile method: https://topologyguides.com/manipulating-edge-poles

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5 What are some examples of good topology for character modeling?

To illustrate some of the principles and tips discussed above, here are some examples of good topology for character modeling, taken from various sources and artists. Notice how they use quads, edge loops, and poles to create smooth and realistic characters.

[Include images of 3D models with good topology from different angles and with wireframe overlay]

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Vivek Saurabh

3d Artist
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There is no defined set of rules for good topology which fits all types of modeling. However as a general rule, good topology is often following the natural flow of the object. If you are modeling a mango then the edge loops should follow the natural curves of the mango. However when modeling human anatomy and body parts you should devote some time to study the muscles of that area to get good about the edge loops, usually your edge loops should follow the muscle flow of that area. This approach helps two fold, it helps you to get a good contour and also it will further help in rigging and animation.

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How do you deal with poles and edge loops in your 3D models?

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1 What are poles and edge loops?

2 Why are poles and edge loops important?

3 How to create good topology for character modeling?

4 How to deal with poles and edge loops in your 3D models?

5 What are some examples of good topology for character modeling?

3D Modeling

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How do you deal with poles and edge loops in your 3D models?

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3

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5

1 What are poles and edge loops?

2 Why are poles and edge loops important?

3 How to create good topology for character modeling?

4 How to deal with poles and edge loops in your 3D models?

5 What are some examples of good topology for character modeling?

3D Modeling

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