How do you choose materials for solar cell production?

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Solar cells are devices that convert sunlight into electricity. They are widely used for renewable energy generation, but they also require careful selection of materials to optimize their performance, durability, and cost. In this article, you will learn how to choose materials for solar cell production based on some key criteria and examples.

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Soheil Rasouli

Materials science and engineering at university of Tehran

1 Criteria for materials selection

When producing solar cells, the materials used must possess certain characteristics in order to be effective. They should absorb a large portion of the solar spectrum and generate a high voltage and current, as well as remain stable and resistant to degradation in various environmental conditions. Additionally, the materials must be compatible with the fabrication processes and other components used in the solar cell, such as electrodes, encapsulants, and substrates. It is also beneficial if the materials are abundant, cheap, and environmentally friendly. Depending on the type and design of the solar cell, different materials may have different advantages and disadvantages.

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Soheil Rasouli

Materials science and engineering at university of Tehran
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some important criteria -Bandgap -Absorption Coefficient -Carrier Mobility also for special usages like space PVs, some criteria are radiation resistance, low weight,....

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Caetano Dartiere Zulian Fermino

CEO Boreby Candy? | Técnico em Química | Graduando Eng. Química | Pesquisador ITA
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A sele??o de materiais para células solares é uma tarefa complexa que exige equilíbrio entre várias características. Os critérios essenciais, como absor??o eficiente, estabilidade, compatibilidade e sustentabilidade, devem ser cuidadosamente considerados. Ao reconhecer as vantagens e desvantagens contextuais de diferentes materiais, os fabricantes de células solares podem criar produtos eficazes, duráveis e alinhados com as necessidades específicas de cada aplica??o.

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2 Silicon-based solar cells

The most common type of solar cell is based on silicon, a semiconductor material that can create an electric field when exposed to light. Silicon is advantageous due to its high absorption coefficient, long lifetime, and well-established manufacturing industry. However, it has some drawbacks like requiring high purity and crystallinity, which raise the cost and energy consumption of production. Additionally, its low band gap means it cannot absorb low-energy photons and has a low voltage output. Furthermore, it is prone to light-induced degradation, reducing its efficiency over time. To address these limitations, silicon-based solar cells can be modified by adding dopants, coatings, or heterojunctions.

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Caetano Dartiere Zulian Fermino

CEO Boreby Candy? | Técnico em Química | Graduando Eng. Química | Pesquisador ITA
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Para superar essas barreiras, diversas estratégias inovadoras est?o sendo exploradas. A adi??o de dopantes pode otimizar as propriedades elétricas do silício, melhorando a eficiência da célula. Revestimentos especiais podem ser aplicados para minimizar a degrada??o induzida pela luz e prolongar a vida útil do dispositivo. Além disso, o uso de heterojun??es, que combinam silício com outros materiais semicondutores, permite a absor??o de uma gama mais ampla de energias de fótons, aumentando significativamente a eficiência.

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3 Thin-film solar cells

Thin-film materials, which are deposited in thin layers on a substrate, are another type of solar cell. They can be flexible, lightweight, and transparent, allowing for novel applications and integration, as well as higher band gaps that absorb more photons and have higher voltages. Thin-film materials can also be produced by low-temperature and low-cost methods such as sputtering, evaporation, or printing. On the other hand, they have lower absorption coefficients which require thicker layers or optical enhancement techniques, shorter lifetimes and lower stability that need protective coatings or encapsulation, and may contain scarce, toxic, or expensive elements such as indium, cadmium, or gallium. Examples of thin-film materials include cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), and perovskite.

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4 Organic solar cells

A third type of solar cell is based on organic materials, which are carbon-based molecules or polymers that can conduct electricity. Organic materials have some unique advantages, such as being synthesized from abundant and cheap sources and being processed by solution-based methods. Additionally, their molecular design enables a wide range of colors, shapes, and functionalities. However, organic materials also have some limitations, such as low charge carrier mobility, poor stability and degradation, and low compatibility with other materials. Some examples of organic materials are poly(3-hexylthiophene), fullerene (C60), and polymeric solar cells (PSCs).

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5 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you choose materials for solar cell production?

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1 Criteria for materials selection

2 Silicon-based solar cells

3 Thin-film solar cells

4 Organic solar cells

5 Here’s what else to consider

Chemical Engineering

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