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How do you add app shell, home screen icon, and splash screen to your progressive web app?

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Progressive web apps (PWAs) are web applications that offer a native-like experience to users, with features such as offline access, push notifications, and fast loading. To make your PWA more engaging and user-friendly, you can add an app shell, a home screen icon, and a splash screen. These elements improve the look and feel of your PWA and make it easier to launch and use. In this article, you will learn how to add these elements to your PWA using service workers, manifest files, and HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

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Alok Kumar

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1 What is an app shell?

An app shell is the minimal user interface of your PWA that is cached and loaded instantly, even when the user is offline. It usually consists of the header, navigation, and footer of your app, while the content is dynamically fetched from the network. An app shell provides a consistent and reliable structure for your PWA and enhances its performance and usability. To create an app shell, you need to use a service worker, which is a script that runs in the background and intercepts network requests. You can use the service worker to cache the app shell files and serve them from the cache when the user visits your PWA.

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Alok Kumar

Senior Software Engineer | Sharing insights on Software Engineering & Effective Communication | ReactJS | TypeScript | Exploring Generative AI | Driven to Deliver Exceptional Products
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The app shell is foundational in modern mobile app development, particularly for Progressive Web Apps (PWAs). It caches core structural elements like headers, navigation, and footers, ensuring fast loading even on unreliable networks. Paired with service workers, vital components are cached for offline access, guaranteeing a consistent and smooth user experience. This balances performance and usability, creating a seamless interface akin to native apps. Prioritizing instant access to a reliable interface, the strategy uses caching and offline capabilities to engage users effortlessly, regardless of connectivity. As this gains traction, mobile web apps are anticipated to rival native apps in speed and adaptability.

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2 How to create a service worker?

A service worker is a JavaScript file that you register in your main HTML file using the navigator.serviceWorker API. The service worker has a lifecycle that consists of three main events: install, activate, and fetch. The install event is triggered when the service worker is registered for the first time or when it is updated. In this event, you can define the files that you want to cache for your app shell, such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, images, and icons. You can use the caches API to create a cache and store the files in it. The activate event is triggered when the service worker becomes active and ready to handle network requests. In this event, you can delete any old caches that are no longer needed. The fetch event is triggered when the service worker intercepts a network request from your PWA. In this event, you can decide how to respond to the request, either by serving it from the cache or by fetching it from the network. You can use different caching strategies, such as cache-first, network-first, or stale-while-revalidate, depending on your app's needs.

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Alok Kumar

Senior Software Engineer | Sharing insights on Software Engineering & Effective Communication | ReactJS | TypeScript | Exploring Generative AI | Driven to Deliver Exceptional Products
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To create a service worker, register a JavaScript file using the navigator.serviceWorker API in your HTML. The service worker lifecycle involves three main events: install (for initial setup or updates), activate (to manage caches), and fetch (to intercept network requests). Use caches API in the install event to cache app shell files like HTML, CSS, JS, and images. Inactivate, and remove old caches. During fetch, customize responses—fetch from cache or network—using caching strategies like cache-first, network-first, or stale-while-revalidate. This enhances web app performance and offline capabilities significantly.

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3 What is a manifest file?

A manifest file is a JSON file that provides metadata about your PWA, such as its name, description, icons, theme color, display mode, and start URL. The manifest file helps your PWA to be recognized as an app by the browser and the operating system, and to be added to the home screen of the user's device. To create a manifest file, you need to add a link element in the head of your HTML file with the rel attribute set to "manifest" and the href attribute set to the path of your JSON file. You can use various tools, such as Web App Manifest Generator or PWA Builder, to generate a manifest file for your PWA.

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Alok Kumar

Senior Software Engineer | Sharing insights on Software Engineering & Effective Communication | ReactJS | TypeScript | Exploring Generative AI | Driven to Deliver Exceptional Products
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The manifest file, a JSON document, holds key metadata about your PWA: name, description, icons, theme color, display mode, and start URL. It serves a dual purpose—establishing your PWA as an app to browsers and OS, and facilitating home screen addition. Creating it involves adding a link element in your HTML's head, with "manifest" as the rel attribute and the JSON file's path as the href attribute. Tools like Web App Manifest Generator or PWA Builder simplify manifest file creation. This crucial file optimizes user experience, granting your PWA the status and accessibility of a standalone app on devices.

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4 How to add a home screen icon?

A home screen icon is an image that represents your PWA on the user's device when they add it to their home screen. It helps your PWA to stand out and to be easily launched by the user. To add a home screen icon, you need to specify it in your manifest file using the icons property. You can provide different sizes and formats of your icon, such as PNG, JPEG, or SVG, to suit different devices and resolutions. You can also use the maskable property to indicate that your icon can be masked by the device's shape, such as a circle or a square. You can use tools, such as RealFaviconGenerator or PWA Builder, to generate icons for your PWA.

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5 How to add a splash screen?

A splash screen is an image that is displayed when your PWA is launched from the home screen, before the app shell is loaded. It helps your PWA to create a smooth and branded transition for the user. To add a splash screen, you need to use both the manifest file and some HTML and CSS code. In your manifest file, you need to specify the background color and the theme color of your splash screen using the background_color and theme_color properties. You also need to provide an icon that will be centered on the splash screen using the icons property. In your HTML file, you need to add a meta element with the name attribute set to "theme-color" and the content attribute set to the same value as your theme_color property in the manifest file. This will ensure that the browser's address bar matches the color of your splash screen. In your CSS file, you need to add some styles for the body element that will hide the scrollbars and center the icon on the splash screen. You can use tools, such as PWA Splash Screen Generator or PWA Builder, to generate splash screens for your PWA.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How do you add app shell, home screen icon, and splash screen to your progressive web app?

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1 What is an app shell?

2 How to create a service worker?

3 What is a manifest file?

4 How to add a home screen icon?

5 How to add a splash screen?

6 Here’s what else to consider

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