How can you teach students to evaluate the credibility of Civil War primary sources?

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Teaching students to evaluate the credibility of Civil War primary sources is an essential skill for developing historical thinking and literacy. Primary sources are firsthand accounts or documents that provide evidence of what happened in the past. However, not all primary sources are equally reliable or accurate. Students need to learn how to analyze and compare primary sources critically, using criteria such as authorship, bias, context, purpose, and corroboration. In this article, you will learn six steps to help your students evaluate the credibility of Civil War primary sources.

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Bukola Ejiade

Heritage Life Support Initiative (HELSI)
Pedro Henrique Soares

Financeiro | Controladoria | Contabilidade

1 Step 1: Define primary sources

Before you introduce any specific primary sources, make sure your students understand what they are and how they differ from secondary sources. Explain that primary sources are created by people who witnessed or participated in historical events, or who lived in the same time period. Examples of primary sources include letters, diaries, speeches, photographs, newspapers, maps, and artifacts. Secondary sources are interpretations or analyses of primary sources, written by people who did not experience the events directly. Examples of secondary sources include textbooks, articles, biographies, and documentaries.

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2 Step 2: Select relevant primary sources

Choose a range of primary sources that relate to the Civil War topic or question you want your students to explore. For example, if you want your students to compare the perspectives of different groups involved in the war, you could select primary sources from Union and Confederate soldiers, enslaved and free African Americans, women, and politicians. Try to select primary sources that are diverse, representative, and engaging. Avoid primary sources that are too long, complex, or illegible for your students' level.

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Bukola Ejiade

Heritage Life Support Initiative (HELSI)
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This is the essence of historical research.As a teacher,my students and i must have an existing good relationship ,I will connect them to some victims and survivors of the civil war .(as a result of our bonding) To be more personal,my father,a retired soldier fought during the Nigerian civil,so,will be my primary source. To make the teaching and learning to be interesting,practical, interactive and engaging,i will encourage my students to make enquiries from their parents, guardians or caregivers about the civil wars.Their parents or grandparents will likely be survivors or victims.This will develop their cognitive,affective and psychomotor domains of learning and achieving one of the targets of the SDG4 : To develop the writing skills.

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3 Step 3: Provide background information

Before your students examine the primary sources, give them some background information about the Civil War and its causes, events, and consequences. This will help them contextualize the primary sources and understand their significance. You can use secondary sources, such as textbooks, videos, or timelines, to provide an overview of the historical context. You can also ask your students to share what they already know or wonder about the Civil War.

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4 Step 4: Teach evaluation criteria

Teach your students how to evaluate the credibility of primary sources using five criteria: authorship, bias, context, purpose, and corroboration. Authorship refers to who created the primary source and what their perspective, position, or role was. Bias refers to how the author's opinions, emotions, or interests influenced the primary source. Context refers to when and where the primary source was created and what was happening at the time. Purpose refers to why the primary source was created and what the author wanted to achieve or communicate. Corroboration refers to how the primary source agrees or disagrees with other sources or evidence.

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Alejandro Bermejo

Doctor. Emergency Physician. Biochemistry Specialist. Professor-Researcher in Biochemistry and Theoretical Biophysics. MSc.
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The student would examine the language and tone used in the diary entry to identify any biases the soldier may have had. For instance, if the soldier consistently portrays their own side in a positive light while demonizing the enemy, it suggests a bias towards their own perspective. Additionally, the student would consider the soldier's personal experiences, emotions, and beliefs that might influence their portrayal of events. Identifying bias helps the student understand potential limitations or subjective viewpoints within the primary source.

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5 Step 5: Model evaluation process

Model how to apply the evaluation criteria to one or more primary sources using a think-aloud strategy. Show your students how to read or view the primary source carefully and ask questions about its credibility. For example, you could ask: Who wrote this letter and what was their relationship to the war? How does their tone or language reveal their bias? What was the situation or event that prompted them to write this letter? What was their intention or goal in writing this letter? How does this letter compare to other sources or evidence about the same topic?

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6 Step 6: Guide practice and discussion

Provide your students with opportunities to practice evaluating the credibility of different primary sources, either individually, in pairs, or in groups. You can use worksheets, graphic organizers, or online tools to help your students record and organize their findings. You can also use rubrics, checklists, or questions to guide and assess their evaluation skills. Encourage your students to discuss and compare their evaluations with each other and explain their reasoning. Ask them to reflect on how evaluating the credibility of primary sources helps them understand the Civil War and its impact better.

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Pedro Henrique Soares

Financeiro | Controladoria | Contabilidade
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é interessante destacar a importancia do incentivo aos alunos com rela??o ao desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico, fazendo com questionem sobre essas fontes primárias, tentando entender o porquê, o que ajudará a entender melhor sobre a guerra civil.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can you teach students to evaluate the credibility of Civil War primary sources?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Step 1: Define primary sources

2 Step 2: Select relevant primary sources

3 Step 3: Provide background information

4 Step 4: Teach evaluation criteria

5 Step 5: Model evaluation process

6 Step 6: Guide practice and discussion

7 Here’s what else to consider

Teaching

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How can you teach students to evaluate the credibility of Civil War primary sources?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Step 1: Define primary sources

2 Step 2: Select relevant primary sources

3 Step 3: Provide background information

4 Step 4: Teach evaluation criteria

5 Step 5: Model evaluation process

6 Step 6: Guide practice and discussion

7 Here’s what else to consider

Teaching

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