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How can you measure the affordability of urban neighborhoods?

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Affordability is a key factor that influences the quality of life, social equity, and economic vitality of urban neighborhoods. However, measuring affordability is not a simple task, as it depends on various factors, such as income, housing costs, transportation costs, and access to services and amenities. In this article, you will learn about some of the methods and tools that urban planners use to assess the affordability of urban neighborhoods and compare them across different locations and contexts.

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1 Housing Cost Burden

One of the most common and straightforward ways to measure affordability is to calculate the housing cost burden, which is the percentage of income that households spend on housing expenses, such as rent, mortgage, utilities, taxes, and insurance. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) defines affordable housing as housing that costs no more than 30% of a household's income. Therefore, households that spend more than 30% of their income on housing are considered cost-burdened, and those that spend more than 50% are considered severely cost-burdened. Housing cost burden can be calculated at different geographic scales, such as census tracts, zip codes, cities, or regions, and can be disaggregated by income levels, household types, tenure, and other variables.

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Hoda Behravesh

[email protected] |Architect|Urban planner|
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Measurement of affordability in urban neighborhoods can be achieved by using the affordability ratio, which is the median housing cost divided by the median household income.

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Alan Cavagnaro

Deputy Director @ DesegregateCT | TEDx Speaker | P/Z Commissioner | UConn@COP Fellow | University of Connecticut '25
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One factor to consider when comparing the affordability of the neighborhood is to analyze the area median income (AMI). The AMI represents the midpoint of all household incomes in a given area, with half of the households earning more than the median and half earning less. If a town's AMI is higher than surrounding communities, it is safe to assume there is a higher housing cost burden in your community. There could be many reasons why this may occur. Before jumping to conclusions, it is important to consult with community members to examine "how" and "why" this happened.

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Ali Al Sammarraie, PMP, LEED AP ND

Mobility | City Design & Development | Strategy
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To gauge the affordability of urban neighborhoods, zero in on housing cost burden. Calculate the percentage of household income dedicated to housing expenses, including rent or mortgage payments, utilities, and maintenance. A threshold of 30% or more indicates financial strain. By crunching these numbers, we can reveal the true affordability landscape and identify areas needing intervention to ensure equitable access to housing.

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2 Housing and Transportation Affordability Index

Another way to measure affordability is to consider not only the housing costs, but also the transportation costs that households incur to access jobs, services, and amenities. The Housing and Transportation Affordability Index (H+T Index) is a tool developed by the Center for Neighborhood Technology (CNT) that estimates the combined cost of housing and transportation as a percentage of income for different neighborhoods in the U.S. The H+T Index uses a threshold of 45% of income as the maximum affordable cost for housing and transportation combined. The H+T Index can reveal how location efficiency, which is the degree to which a neighborhood enables residents to reduce their vehicle miles traveled and use alternative modes of transportation, affects affordability. For example, a neighborhood that has higher housing costs but lower transportation costs due to its proximity to transit, jobs, and amenities may be more affordable than a neighborhood that has lower housing costs but higher transportation costs due to its dependence on driving.

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Jorge Meo?o

Attorney at Law Compliance Officer
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Considero que este tipo de índice es de los mejores que se pueden utilizar en Guatemala. Estamos aún en una etapa verde en cuanto a transporte público eficiente, sin embargo ya existe el sistema de Transmetro, el cual sin lugar a dudas (y con todas sus deficiencias) es el transporte público más eficiente. Ahora que nos toca, construir viviendas que se encuentren cerca de paradas y/o de líneas que permitan que los nuevos compradores no tengan que gastar tanto dinero en la movilidad diaria. Al conseguir esto, muchas personas no solo dejarán de gastar dinero en transporte, sino también tiempo.

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3 Residual Income Approach

A third way to measure affordability is to use the residual income approach, which is based on the idea that households need to have enough income left after paying for housing and other essential expenses, such as food, health care, education, and clothing, to achieve a decent standard of living. The residual income approach calculates the minimum income that households need to cover their basic needs and then subtracts it from their actual income to determine how much they can afford to spend on housing. The residual income approach can account for the variations in the cost of living and the needs of different household sizes and compositions. The residual income approach can also be used to assess the affordability of other non-housing expenses, such as child care, transportation, or energy.

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4 Spatial Mismatch Index

A fourth way to measure affordability is to use the spatial mismatch index, which is a measure of the degree to which the spatial distribution of jobs and housing matches the skills and preferences of the labor force. The spatial mismatch index can capture the effects of affordability on the access to employment opportunities and the quality of jobs for different groups of workers, especially low-income and minority workers who may face barriers to mobility and discrimination in the housing and labor markets. The spatial mismatch index can be calculated by comparing the ratio of jobs to workers, the ratio of job openings to unemployed workers, the average wage, and the average commute time and distance for different neighborhoods or regions. A high spatial mismatch index indicates a low level of affordability and a high level of social and economic exclusion.

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5 Affordability Gap Analysis

A fifth way to measure affordability is to use the affordability gap analysis, which is a method of estimating the supply and demand of affordable housing units for different income groups in a given market. The affordability gap analysis can identify the shortages or surpluses of affordable housing units for each income group and the extent to which the existing housing stock meets the needs and preferences of the population. The affordability gap analysis can also project the future demand for affordable housing units based on the expected population and income growth, as well as the potential impact of policy interventions, such as subsidies, incentives, regulations, or programs, on the availability and affordability of housing.

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6 Composite Affordability Index

A sixth way to measure affordability is to use the composite affordability index, which is a method of combining multiple indicators of affordability into a single score or ranking that reflects the overall affordability of a neighborhood or region. The composite affordability index can be constructed using different methods, such as weighted averages, principal component analysis, or cluster analysis, and can include various dimensions of affordability, such as housing, transportation, income, services, amenities, and quality of life. The composite affordability index can provide a comprehensive and comparative picture of the affordability of different places and can help identify the strengths and weaknesses of each place in terms of affordability.

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7 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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Rafaela Zakalski

BIM Manager | Coordena??o de Projetos | Especialista Revit | BIM
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Avalie a disponibilidade, frequência e cobertura do transporte público, como ?nibus, metr?, trem etc. Verifique se há esta??es ou pontos de ?nibus próximos às residências e se oferecem acessibilidade para pessoas com mobilidade reduzida

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How can you measure the affordability of urban neighborhoods?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Housing Cost Burden

2 Housing and Transportation Affordability Index

3 Residual Income Approach

4 Spatial Mismatch Index

5 Affordability Gap Analysis

6 Composite Affordability Index

7 Here’s what else to consider

Urban Planning

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How can you measure the affordability of urban neighborhoods?

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 Housing Cost Burden

2 Housing and Transportation Affordability Index

3 Residual Income Approach

4 Spatial Mismatch Index

5 Affordability Gap Analysis

6 Composite Affordability Index

7 Here’s what else to consider

Urban Planning

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