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How can you improve the reliability of Modbus TCP/IP data transmission?

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Modbus TCP/IP is a widely used protocol for data communication and control in industrial applications. It allows devices to exchange information over a network using the TCP/IP stack. However, Modbus TCP/IP data transmission can be affected by various factors, such as network congestion, packet loss, interference, or malicious attacks. In this article, you will learn how to improve the reliability of Modbus TCP/IP data transmission by applying some best practices and techniques.

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Jason Christopher

Vice President, Cybersecurity and Digital Transformation at EIP | ICS/OT Security Specialist, Educator, and Policy…
Kamil Shaik

Senior OT Cybersecurity Consultant |CISO function|OT Architect |OT SME|OT GRC| IEC62443 Certified Cybersecurity Expert,…
Ivan Maravilla, ECE

SCADA Engineer | Automation, Control, Telecommunication | Electronics Engineer | Facilities Engineer

1 Choose the right network topology

The network topology is the physical arrangement of the devices and connections in a network. It can influence the performance, scalability, and reliability of Modbus TCP/IP data transmission. Some common network topologies are star, ring, bus, and mesh. Each topology has its advantages and disadvantages, depending on the size, complexity, and requirements of the system. For example, a star topology is simple and easy to troubleshoot, but it can create a single point of failure if the central node fails. A ring topology is robust and redundant, but it can cause delays and collisions if the traffic is high. A bus topology is economical and flexible, but it can suffer from noise and interference if the cable is long. A mesh topology is resilient and fault-tolerant, but it can be expensive and complex to maintain.

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Kamil Shaik

Senior OT Cybersecurity Consultant |CISO function|OT Architect |OT SME|OT GRC| IEC62443 Certified Cybersecurity Expert, CSSA, NNCE
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As we know modbus is an open standard communication protocol , it uses clear text for its programming. Due to this, it’s very easy for threat actors to change the codes in a program. to avoid this , utilize encryption during transmission and apply decryption before it reaches firewall. Always perform micro segmentation wherever possible.

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Ivan Maravilla, ECE

SCADA Engineer | Automation, Control, Telecommunication | Electronics Engineer | Facilities Engineer
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Anticipate future growth and expansion needs when selecting a network topology. Choose a topology that can easily accommodate additional devices and increased data traffic without compromising performance or reliability.

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2 Use error detection and correction methods

Error detection and correction methods are techniques that can identify and correct errors in data transmission. Errors can occur due to noise, distortion, or interference in the communication channel. Some common error detection and correction methods are parity check, checksum, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and forward error correction (FEC). Parity check is a simple method that adds a bit to the data to indicate whether the number of bits is even or odd. Checksum is a method that calculates a value based on the data and compares it with the received value to verify the integrity. CRC is a method that generates a code based on a polynomial function and appends it to the data. The receiver can use the same function to check if the code matches the data. FEC is a method that adds redundant bits to the data to enable the receiver to recover the original data in case of errors.

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Ivan Maravilla, ECE

SCADA Engineer | Automation, Control, Telecommunication | Electronics Engineer | Facilities Engineer
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FEC is not typically used in Modbus TCP/IP for error detection. Instead, Modbus TCP/IP relies on methods like checksums and CRC to maintain data integrity. FEC is commonly found in other communication protocols like wireless and fiber optic communication. While FEC provides high fault tolerance, reduces Bit Error Rate (BER), it may require extra bandwidth and storage resources due to redundant data and encoding schemes, potentially leading to increased resource consumption.

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3 Implement security measures

Security measures are actions that can protect Modbus TCP/IP data transmission from unauthorized access, modification, or disruption. Security is important for ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data and the devices. Some common security measures are encryption, authentication, authorization, firewall, and intrusion detection system (IDS). Encryption is a method that transforms the data into an unreadable form using a key. Only the authorized parties can decrypt the data using the same or a different key. Authentication is a method that verifies the identity of the sender and the receiver using passwords, certificates, or tokens. Authorization is a method that grants or denies access to the data or the devices based on predefined rules or policies. Firewall is a device or a software that filters the incoming and outgoing traffic based on rules or criteria. IDS is a device or a software that monitors the network for any suspicious or malicious activities and alerts or blocks them.

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Jason Christopher

Vice President, Cybersecurity and Digital Transformation at EIP | ICS/OT Security Specialist, Educator, and Policy Architect | Shaping a Resilient Energy Sector through Strategic Vision & Collaborative Leadership
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Please, please, please DO NOT USE ENCRYPTION without knowing the use cases or the security ramifications. Just because something is transmitted in plaintext does not automatically mean it is bad. In ICS, the value of real-time data to a threat actor is limited compared to other data sources (project files, engineering specs, etc). Furthermore, indiscriminately encrypting network traffic will actually limit your ability to detect malicious communications inside the industrial network since both legitimate and illegitimate reads/writes to the registers will be obfuscated. Instead, focus first on strong perimeters and firewalls separating IT and ICS/OT networks. Then focus on things like ICS-specific intrusion detection to find bad actors.

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Andre Froneman

OT Solutions Specialist - | CompTIA Security, Cloud & Pentest+ Certified | Hard Hatter of OT Cybersecurity
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Implement network segmentation: Separate Modbus network segments from other traffic to reduce congestion and increase security.

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4 Monitor and optimize the network performance

Monitoring and optimizing the network performance are processes that can measure and improve the quality and efficiency of Modbus TCP/IP data transmission. Monitoring is the process of collecting and analyzing data about the network status, such as bandwidth, latency, throughput, packet loss, and error rate. Optimizing is the process of adjusting and tuning the network parameters, such as routing, congestion control, buffering, and prioritization. Monitoring and optimizing the network performance can help to identify and resolve issues, prevent bottlenecks, reduce delays, and increase reliability.

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Ivan Maravilla, ECE

SCADA Engineer | Automation, Control, Telecommunication | Electronics Engineer | Facilities Engineer
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Implement "Network Segmentation", this way, it divide the network into smaller parts based on what they're used for or how safe they need to be. This helps the network work better, makes it easier to manage by separating different types of data traffic, reducing congestion and safer from attacks.

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5 Test and verify the data transmission

Testing and verifying the data transmission are steps that can ensure the accuracy and completeness of Modbus TCP/IP data communication. Testing is the step of sending and receiving data using different scenarios, conditions, and tools to check the functionality and performance of the system. Verifying is the step of comparing and validating the data using different methods, such as checksum, CRC, or FEC, to confirm the correctness and consistency of the system. Testing and verifying the data transmission can help to detect and correct errors, improve the quality and reliability of the system, and prevent failures and malfunctions.

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6 Here’s what else to consider

This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?

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How can you improve the reliability of Modbus TCP/IP data transmission?

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3

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1 Choose the right network topology

2 Use error detection and correction methods

3 Implement security measures

4 Monitor and optimize the network performance

5 Test and verify the data transmission

6 Here’s what else to consider

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